Librarians Essay -- Library Science

Meeting the needs of the scholarly persons calls for changes on the get out of the librarian. Librarians are trained to help students become twenty-first century learners by not only decision information effectively and efficiently, but also being able to apply that knowledge in different learning environments. In fact, Abram (2003) declares that librarians must predict cognitive content that students and other users want before they know that it exists or even that they need it (p. 6). They must have knowledge of different types of resources, technology, and ontogenesiss in the field of literacy information. They are compel to help students locate and organize information. As Carey (1998) put it, librarians in the schools should be teaching children to think rather than memorize and repeat, and students thinking skills should transfer to the real worldly concern so that they become independent, productive members of adult society. Collections must be modernized and assessed on a regular basis in order to best go the students, and librarians must also commit to learning and using these services in order to sustain the library for the next generation of users. Because todays 21st century students are inundated with an ever-changing backdrop of information and technology, librarians must be able to not only meet their needs, but also force them into a world of inquiry and learning. Todays student must exemplify critical thinking and problem solving skills in order to inquiry successfully. Librarians must keep up with the pace of ever-changing technology and teach students how to search efficiently for effective results. They must utilize available technology, but result depth and breadth, not just surface-level services.Abram (2003) asserts that libraria... ...vises the instructional librarian to evaluate home library holdings against these lists, looking for existing coverage as well as gaps in coverage (p. 221). Because budget is of grave concern to an y instructional librarian, any inventory matching the collection list should be documented so that capital are not spent acquiring duplicate media. Any items needed by teachers and/or students but not currently available should be part of the ordering process, if budget allows.So, how does the student benefit from the instructional librarians quest to become a curriculum know-it-all? Todd (2002) finds that improvements are shown in student learning outcomes, particularly state test scores, when it can be demonstrated that the school library has a carefully articulated instructional focus that fosters the development of new understandings and insights (p. 3).

Origins of the British East India Company and Its Influence on the Brit

The British eastward India caller played a key role in one of the most successful periods of British history. The East India Company was responsible for the invasion of the Indian subcontinent, which became one of the empires leading supplier of profits. The East India Company was responsible for the overthrow of Hong Kong and other Asian countries it was responsible for creating Britains Asian empire.The British East India Company began as a joint-stock corporation of traders and investors which was granted a Royal charter by Queen Elizabeth 1 to trade with the East. The original name of the corporation when it first formed was Governor and Company of Merchants of London Trading into the East Indies (Landow). They joined together to generate notes importing spices from South Asia. James Lancaster was in charge of the 1st company voyage in 1601 that sailed around the coast of South Africa and across the Indian Ocean, arriving back d have got in London in 1603 with ships filled with pepper. In the 1600s, pepper was the most significant part of the British East India Companys commerce.The group constituted its first Asian factory in Bantam and it was here that the English were able to expand into other parts of Asia (The British East India Company Story). Market at Bantam was multicultural because of other merchants from Arab, Turkey, Iran, and China trading products from their own nations. The company had woolen cloth and silver, but Asian traders favored Indian textiles which were good eccentric therefore, it had to uncover ways to get fabrics from India.In 1611, after failed attempts to enter into agreement with Mughal Emperor, Jahangir, the British East India Company enquired King James 1 to send a representative. The ambassad... ...t finally went out of existence in 1873 (Landow).In the course of its supremacy, the British East India Company created trade across the Middle East and Asia. It regulated its own regions and played a role in influencing the American Revolution. The companys products were the source of the Boston Tea Party in colonial America. Works CitedThe British East India Company Story. History. Trading Places. The British Library Board, n.d. Web, 3 Jun 2011. The Boston Tea Party, 1773. EyeWitness to History. Ibis Communications, Inc., 2002. Web. 3 Jun 2011. Landow, George P. The British East India Company The Company that Owned a Nation (or Two). George P. Landow, Professor of English and Art History, Brown University. Victorian Web. George P. Landow, Professor of English and Art History, Brown University, 6 Apr. 2010. Web. 3 Jun 2011.

Character Relations In The Awakening :: essays research papers

It would be easy to say that Edna Pontellier emulates both Madame Ratignolle and Mademoiselle Reisz, however, throughout the novel, it is evident that Edna step out beyond this assumption and asserts herself as a nonher person altogether. This is obvious in the defining features of each of the women. Madame Ratignolle, for example, is always represented in a real flamboyant nature and is usually associated with clothes, whereas, Mademoiselle Reisz, in contrast, has no relation to clothes or anything of material nature. She instead is associated &8220passionately with music. Edna, on the other hand, has none of these qualities attributed to her. She is not described in terms of clothes. She is never attributed with being flamboyant. She is not musically inclined, with the exception of the fact that the music moves her toward the &8220awakening of her sensuality.When examining the first stirrings, &8220a certain light that was origin to dawn dimly within her, we see that Edna think s independently of outside interference. When she &8220was beginning to realize her position in the universe as a human being, and to receipt her relations as an individual to the world within and about her she does just that&8212she realizes the world within her, not without her. That is to say, she does this entire &8220awakening on her own. She does not directly determine any outside influence. Edna Pontellier, as a whole, is a woman in all different from any other in the novel. She stands alone and thinks alone and speaks alone. Her ideas and thoughts are completely hers. It would be wrong to say that Madame Ratignolle and Mademoiselle Reisz are embodiments of two different Ednas. They are not. They contribute their thoughts and ideas to Edna but Edna interprets these thoughts and ideas and either incorporates them or disregards them. In the end, with one reprehensible swoop, she disregards everything ever suggested to her by these two other women. In the final chapter, she takes off all her clothes and walks into the water thereby ridding herself of both Madame Ratignolle and Mademoiselle Reisz. She does this in that, as mentioned earlier, Madame Ratignolle is often represented by her clothes, thus, by taking off all her clothes and standing &8220naked in the open air, at the mercy of the sun, the play that beat upon her, and the waves that invited her she rejects Madame Ratignolle&8217s self-righteous dedication to her husband and children.

Wide Sargasso Sea Essay examples -- English Literature Jean Rhys Locat

Wide Sargasso SeaPlaces take on a symbolic significance in Wide Sargasso Sea. Discussthe way in which Jean Rhys uses different locations in the narrative.Place in Wide Sargasso Sea seems to be used to convey Antoinettesframe of mind at different times in her life. Wally Look Lai believesthat The West Indian setting...is central to the novel...(and) thetheme of rejected womanhood is utilized symbolically in order to makean artistic statement more or less West Indian society and astir(predicate) an aspect ofthe West Indian experience.In Part One of Wide Sargasso Sea, Coulibri and the convent inSpanish townspeople are presented as contrasts in that they represent dangerand safety respectively. Antoinettes mother describes how she feelsmarooned in Coulibri, which could refer to both their geographicalposition and the fact that they live on an island, and also theirposition in society, and the racial tension which exists therein. Thisracial tension between the white Creoles and the blac k people stemsfrom the fact that Creoles such as the Cosways ancestors had beenslave-owners, and the freedom had left these families virtuallypenniless and lacking in respect. Jane Miller argues that a woman onher own..is always alone if she depends on men...and vulnerable andweakened as the..foreigner is vulnerable and weakened. She thereforebelieves that Annette and Antoinettes isolation is due not only tothe fact that they are foreigners, further also because they are women whoare forced to be dependent upon men, and I agree that this is partlywhat adds to their isolation from society.Antoinette always pays careful attention to her natural surroundings.They almost seem perfect as she uses simile to com... ...ntoinette, but Anna Morgan, the heroine of Voyage in theDark, who comes from England to the Caribbean and recounts herattempts to come to terms with her new life. A feminist would say thatAntoinette struggles primarily against the dictates of patriarchy. Forexample, it is Rochester who declares that Antoinette is not Englishor European either and also he who takes her away from her home inthe West Indies and locks her up in the attic in his house in England.However, Selma James believes that the feminism and track down issues runparallel to each other. She thinks that the female dilemma and femalevulnerability with men and in society generally is inseparable fromthe West Indian preoccupations about race.., and I am inclined toagree with her, and think that Jean Rhys uses location in the novelextremely effectively in order to convey this idea.

Injury can result from violence Essay -- Social Issues, Domestic Viole

Injury can conduce form violence Injury Can Result from ViolenceInjury can result from m both different incidents. One specifically important incident resulting in injury is domestic violence. It is approximated statistically that 1.8 million to 3-4 million domestic violence cases come each year, unfortunately, the number of cases that occur cannot be more accurate due to domestic violence usually occurring in the relative privacy of ones dwelling house. (Kelly, 2003) As disturbing as these numbers whitethorn be, we need to acknowledge that domestic violence is not a new caper arising in American homes but what is new is that we are now more aware of how serious the issue of domestic violence is in todays society. Today, domestic violence, in its broadest definition is being defined as verbal, emotional, threatening, or physical abuse among current or former intimate partners and includes any persons related by blood. (Robert, 2002) They may be living currently within t he same household or have been in the past for it to be considered domestic. Domestic violence has no barriers. It affects any race, religion, culture, or socioeconomic status. In todays world every nurse knowingly or not is most likely to encounter a situation involving domestic violence. (Nucero & OConnor, 2002) Therefore, it is important that within this discussion that the following issues is to be identified the seriousness of domestic violence and what factors contribute to domestic violence, what eccentric the level-headed system must take on when domestic violence occurs, and lastly what a nurse and the medical world can do in identifying and assessing domestic violence.Domestic violence is a serious problem affecting many people each and every ye... ...ic violence, as we can see from the preliminary read information, results in injury. It is a very serious issue for the people within a violent home setting and with todays legal system domestic violence cases are b eing taken extremely serious. It is important that we as nurses, if we feel someone is in a violent home setting, to identify these patients and assess as needed. By nurses identifying and assessing victims of violent acts we can help these people and contribute to decreasing the number of violent acts that occur. If a nurse or anyone knows or suspects that someone is being abused, we need to let that victim know there are alternative solutions, choices they can make, and that there is hope to solve the problem at hand. We should also let this victim know that without help, this problem may only get worse and could progress in frequency and severity.

Injury can result from violence Essay -- Social Issues, Domestic Viole

Injury can result form madness Injury Can Result from emphasisInjury can result from m any(prenominal) different incidents. One specifically important incident resulting in injury is domestic violence. It is approximated statistically that 1.8 one million million to 3-4 million domestic violence cases occur each year, unfortunately, the number of cases that occur cannot be more accurate due to domestic violence usually occurring in the sex act privacy of ones home. (Kelly, 2003) As disturbing as these numbers may be, we need to acknowledge that domestic violence is not a revolutionary problem arising in American homes but what is new is that we are now more aware of how serious the issue of domestic violence is in straight offs society. Today, domestic violence, in its broadest definition is being defined as verbal, emotional, threatening, or physical abuse among current or former intimate partners and includes any persons related by blood. (Robert, 2002) They may be living currently within the same household or have been in the past for it to be considered domestic. domestic violence has no barriers. It affects any race, religion, culture, or socioeconomic status. In todays earth every nurse knowingly or not is just about likely to encounter a situation involving domestic violence. (Nucero & OConnor, 2002) Therefore, it is important that within this discussion that the following issues is to be identified the seriousness of domestic violence and what factors contribute to domestic violence, what role the legal system must take on when domestic violence occurs, and lastly what a nurse and the medical world can do in identifying and assessing domestic violence.Domestic violence is a serious problem affecting many people each and every ye... ...ic violence, as we can see from the previous read information, results in injury. It is a very serious issue for the people within a ruddy home linguistic context and with todays legal system do mestic violence cases are being taken extremely serious. It is important that we as nurses, if we feel someone is in a violent home setting, to identify these patients and assess as needed. By nurses identifying and assessing victims of violent acts we can help these people and contribute to decreasing the number of violent acts that occur. If a nurse or anyone knows or suspects that someone is being abused, we need to let that victim know at that place are alternative solutions, choices they can make, and that there is hope to solve the problem at hand. We should also let this victim know that without help, this problem may only get worse and could progress in frequency and severity.

Rationale of the Study Essay

In our modern times computers become so usefull and it make our life even more than easier than we control before. In fast moving life of the modern world of today computers hold temendous signifi weedce. We are prone to different aplications and different rail line and huge companies estblish in local areas and world wide. We know that managing a business is such a difficult task weather it is big or small. In accordance with this matter, adapting is the well-nigh common way to solve this issue.Internet and technology is widely use in making our lives in the simplest way as possible.It provide each individual uses their aver intelligence or mind to investigate further.Internet caf one those business that are rapidly spreading throughout the Philippines archipelago, so long as they are in demand and up until now they are still in demand. Thus the research is to create and to show the comprehensive description of the Cyberbob Internet Caf supervise outline. This implies what t he software go away and can do as well as how it will be anticipated to perform in most easiest way. Expanding the small business into a large store or having new branches will give another problem to the owner as well as to the costumers. Growing alliance means hiring new technical or employee in which they well help to meet the satisfactions of the costumers and their demandsWhat we focused in our study in the Internet Caf Monitoring System which deals with the process involved within the ashes. With this, the user can easily access data or information in just a span of time, the system is manageable, accessible and it is very easy to use thus the user can see the effectiveness and advantages of the computer accessing information just like what this system can do. Like adding new databases and choices for the user like computing all the sales for the day, summary of all the time consumed in every computer and etc. This will enable the user to see the result being asked for.To a chieve this, it is necessary to design goals at thesoonest time and fasted pace possible without compromising prime(a) and development cost. And as for the result, your system will be improved into new well developed, easy to manage and organized software that will even more satisfy your needs.

Findings †secondary research Essay

The Bank of china was established in 1912 and thus has a abundant history of experience in the Chinese confideing industry. The bank gained velocity in 1994, after it assumed the role of a state owned commercial bank and in 2003. The liberalization of Chinese economy and the growth of the banking sector has seen rapid growth of Chinese banks into self sustaining institutions of profit despite state control. Bank of chinaware has been quick to adapt to these changes and has thus benefited over the years.The overall business profile of the Bank of China involves, commercial to include corporate as well as retail banking. In addition it has engaged in treasury business as well as conducts financial institutions banking. The corporate banking segment provides financial operate to customers with a view to provide them total solutions for all their financial requirements. (About Bank of China,. 2006). On the other hand retail banking is designed to provide customers personal banking run to include savings deposits, credit carts and to the high value customers wealth management business.The treasury business segment includes provision of facilities for currency trading, management of funds, secured debts, financing inwardly and overseas and other ancillary fund management services. As a banking financial institution, the Bank of China provides clearing, lending between banks and custodian services to banks, brokerage firm houses, funds and insurance operators. The bank claims to be customer centered and has a rich experience of providing banking services, thereby establishing its credentials in the rapidly growing Chinese economy.It is thus providing a complete range of services for personal as well as business banking. HSBC as a prime component of the HSBC base has a vast experience and presence in the global banking industry. HSBC has enhanced its global presence over the years by dynamically adjusting to the growing contend of fitting in global services i n a local World with typical local needs. Thus it fashions itself as the Worlds local bank. HSBC provides a good range of personal and business banking packages on a variety of platforms to provide value based services to the customer. These have been covered in detail in the previous chapter.To highlight the same a view of the wide range of business insurance packages that have been made available by the bank, to include almost all the possible contingencies for which insurance is required by business such as small business for turnover less than ? 1 million or less than 10 employees, commercial packaged insurance, customer packaged insurance, business car insurance, keyman insurance for principals in the business should indicate the depth of services provided by it. The insurance package also covers share holders and partners, professional indemnity and trade credit.It is therefore evident that HSBC has been providing complete banking solutions for individuals as well as corpora te. Questionnaire to Customers Bank of China and HSBC The researcher prepared a questionnaire related to the study and 40 clients across a wide cross section of personal and corporate customers were requested to get to part in it.These included 10 customers each from Bank of China and HSBC, London. The questionnaire is at Appendix. Multiple choices have been provided to the respondents to ease response as well as collation and analysis. Detailed findings on response to questionnaire are as given below.

Why People Commit Crime

Tyler Hertz CRJ 308 10. 28. 2012 Why People Commit Crime How do flock define crime? Some might define crime as an act of law of nature-breaking towards the morality of humans. Others might regard crime as an act that harms the universal human rights. In my perspectives, I think that crime is an offence made towards the law. Therefore, why do people still commit crimes? There are many reasons why people may commit crimes and it depends on the caseful of person they are. Many people go out commit a crime everyday whether it be speeding, J-walking, or in some cases, theft and murder.Some crimes are thriving to commit and thats why I think people commit them. I also, refer to the Routine Activities theory. This theory, I believe, does a great job on explaining why people commit to the highest degree(prenominal) crimes. It says that in order for a crime to be committed three things must have to occur and those organism a motivated offender, lack of a capable guardian, and suitable target. Why I think this does a good job in explain why people commit a crime is because it goes into detail about all aspects that involve a crime taking place.Take speeding for example, a person who is in a hurry will speed this makes them the motivated offender. Next, for this crime to take place there must be a suitable target and this could be any road that is not congested by traffic. Last, we have the lack of a capable guardian and this is an obvious cardinal, it would be not visible integrity Enforcement officers on the highway. If all these are possible a person can and most likely will speed. Speeding is not really considered by most to be a really crime but, more of a criminal act.I just wanted to show how that theory can explain most types of crimes and it will work crimson for other crimes. I believe there is a huge difference between a crime and a criminal act. I believe a crime to be something that causes harm to others. Speeding, although can, does not usually ca use any harm to others, this is what I consider a criminal act. A crime would be something like assault or theft. Theft does not cause physical harm but, finaical and emotional harm to the victims. Why do people do it?Another reason I believe people commit crimes is because of greed. Greed is the wanting to lead a luxurious bearing or even to own something that is beyond ones financial budget. For example, a person of moderate income would like to own an expensive plasma television which the price is beyond his budget. However, his greed prompts him to own that item by either stealing money to purchase it or to steal the item itself. When the person gets caught by any law enforcer, the person will be charged in court for committing a crime.To steal to fulfill ones desire to own an item which one understands that it is beyond his financial budget is committing a crime by the cause of greed. This, in my view, shows that people commit crimes for selfish reason. In conclusion, I believ e that most people will commit a crime either because they can and it is easy or because they have the selfish vision of living a life they cannot afford to live so they will do anything they can to achieve it, even if that means breaking the law and causing harm to others.

Marrying Absurd

Joan Didions essay entitled Marrying Absurd tells about how wedlocks in Las Vegas be conducted. She narrated that Las Vegas weddings can be celebrated anytime the couple wishes to have it. All that hotshot need is for the bride to be eighteen years old, the groom to be twenty one and a five dollar for the license. Joan Didion describes how the Las Vegas weddings have taken away the essence of what a mating is. That marriage is a sacrament which should be taken earnestly and solemnly.Holy Matrimony is a sacred rite. It is a special event because it holds a special meaning to the bride and groom. It conveys that one gives herself totally to one person for purposes of creating a family. It represents beloved and honor. It regards husband and wife as symbols of the nuptial of Christ and his church. It is a contractual bond for eternity.It is not solely saying I will love you for only one and a half year and be married to you only within that time. Marriage is the communion of two f amilies as well. It is not simply you and me. It includes extended families of your in-laws, their friends and relations. Hence, it is a major decision to take on, which should be thought over many times and not simply at the spur of the moment.Joan Didions description of Las Vegas as a place for immediate gratification is true. Everywhere temptations abound. It takes a lot of self-discipline not to be lured into enticing distractions.My idea of marriage is traditional. One, where marriage preparations will be painstakingly made, the service well thought of, the invites well chosen, and the entire entourage will be those people that have in one way or another affected my life. I do not choose to be part of a 3-minute Las Vegas wedding where the ceremony seems bid a task to learn done as easily as one can where the solemnity of the marriage vows are disregarded. Marriage in Las Vegas gives the ideal that the marriage bond will break as swiftly as it was solemnized.Las Vegas, a ci ty that never sleeps, has spoiled and dishonored the sacrament of Holy Matrimony. I wonder how many broken families these five dollar ceremony have produced. It is a pity that despite the great number of people wanting to get married, divorce equals the number. A marriage not well thoughtof, entered into hastily, for the wrong reasons, is doomed from the very start. These Las Vegas weddings have stripped the people of the true essence of marriage and have taught them that marriage is not at all a respectable ceremony. These Las Vegas marriages are tasteless and cheap and should be denounced.Read also My Ideal wifeBIBILIOGRAPHYJOAN DIDION.

Favourite Place

Question no. 2 As we all know that everyone has their deliver favorite place which they demand to go. The place is whether in our own rustic or overseas. Before proceedling they need to hire some preparation in term of financial. Some people like to travel from their country to other country or overseas, they need to have some preparation on their financial because the budget is not very cheap. While others who like to travel locally they no need to worry about the budget because it is cheaper than travelling overseas.Most of the people like to travel overseas because they want to survey their place, their lifestyle, and their society. For me, I take Bintulu as my favorite place because I like their environment. Even though they Bintulu is smaller when compare to other city but people who live in Bintulu is very polite and friendly. I have a lot of friend in Bintulu which I wish to meet up with them and hang out together.Due to the increase population in Bintulu the minister of Bintulu are trying the best to increase the facilities such as hospital, shopping mall, Wi-Fi area and public telephone. The government is built coffee bar shop and shopping mall near to the housing estate. As the result, these facilities can help the society the better way of living and its easier for them to walk to the coffeehouse shop or shopping mall. Besides, in Bintulu the environment is very clean. Other than that, the security in Bintulu is very reliable because the police done their duty.I in like manner want to visit their beach which nearer to the Centre of the city. The beach is very beautiful and many people have their family vacation there. Other than that, while visiting, the visitor have the chance to drink sweet coconut. As a conclusion, this is the reason why Bintulu is my favorite place. Other than the facilities, security, society and environment which are clean, safe and enjoyable. Bintulu can also know as my second home because I feel safe and comfortable. I would like to visit my friend in Bintulu.

Cost and Revenue Function

Algebra I Cost-Revenue Business Project This project is designed for you to demonstrate your understanding of systems of linear equations. Before starting, read the blameless project outline and requirements. During this project you argon to do the following 1) Pair up with a partner and create a business that sells one goodness of your choice ( offices for creativity). 2) Create a Market Research Survey that go away be wontd to survey 50 students to help you discover what potential customers are looking for in the mathematical result your group will create and sell.The survey must include a minimum of three questions. 3) Conduct the survey. 4) Create a list of fixed costs items and prices. Consider items such as a store, equipment, furniture, advertisement, etc. Use the survey results to revise the fixed cost list if needed. allow the agree fixed cost. 5) Create a list of variable costs. With each variable cost include the dollar figure calculated per unit. Once again, use the survey results to revise the variable costs list if needed.Sate the total variable cost. 6) Using the survey results and the total variable cost determine the product price. 7) salve the COST function and the REVENUE function. 8) Solve the system of equations algebraically using the substitution method AND the linear combination method in order to scrape the break-even place. 9) Create a model of the product. 10) Create a Power Point Presentation that includes the following A written introduction including a description of the product. A picture of the product The completed Market Research Survey A written summary of the survey results A list of the fixed costs and the total A list of the variable costs and the total The cost and revenue functions The algebraic computations of the break-even point An accurate graphical representation of the cost and revenue functions that shows the break-even point and the regions of loss and profit (label all items) A written explana tion of the break-even point and the profit and loss regions of the graph. 1) Prepare a 5 minute presentation in which both partners share the responsibility of discussing and demonstrating An introduction of the business and product The product or model of the product An explanation of how the Market Research Survey was utilise to help develop the product, the costs, and the product price The cost and revenue functions The algebraic computation of the break-even point The graph of the cost and revenue functions, the break-even point, and the regions of loss and rofit An explanation of the break-even point and the profit and loss regions of the graph Graphing the cost and revenue functions and finding the break-even point using the graphing calculatorAlgebra I Cost-Revenue Project Names _________________________ _________________________ Work time and due dates You will be given time to get organized today, 10 minutes of class time on Feb. 10th and 11th. We will work in the estimator lab on Feb. 12th & 16th. You will give your presentations on Tuesday February 17. Power Point presentations must be emailed to me (emailprotected k12. or. us) by 730 am on February 17th. If I dont have it by then you will loose ALL presentation points. Power Point Introduction of the business and product The product The completed Market Research Survey A written summary of the survey results An explanation of how the survey was used to help develop the product, the costs, and the product price A list of the fixed costs and total A list of the variable costs and total The cost and revenue functions

The Pepsi Generation

Nancy Perry The Pepsi Generation MKTG305-01 Marketing Management Unit 4 Individual Project October 30, 2011 Abstract It takes many course of studys to reconstruct a brand name. Pepsi is no exception. This paper discuses what Pepsi means in todays market and how it has evolved over time. It also discusses the evolution of Pepsis grade market and their competition. Celebrity endorsements can sell products and this paper discuses Pepsis endorsers as well as their competitions. The Pepsi Generation IntroductionPepsi Cola has been around since the 1893. Invented by pharmacist Caleb Bradham, Pepsi was in the first place named Brads drink, it was renamed Pepsi Cola about ten years ulterior (Bellis, n. d. ). The Brand in Todays Market Pepsi is found everywhere. It is know by everyone. What started out as a drink designed to be enjoyed and to help in digestion has turned into a conglomerate that encompasses so much of our lives, our vocabulary and so many products that we see in our pa ntries. Today the Pepsi brand more than just a soft drink.It is also breakfast, juices, teas, side dishes, snacks, cereals and oatmeals, energy drinks, and stock-still water (Brands, 2011). Pepsi products ar found in grocery stores, convenience stores, discount retail stores, and restaurants. The Pepsi logo is found on everything from childrens toys to racecars and is a recognizable attribute all over the world. The Brands Evolution Pepsi has come a long way since its creation in Caleb Bradhams kitchen. Pepsi Cola went bankrupt in 1923 and was later purchased by the Loft Candy Company who tried to sell it to coca plant Cola.Pepsis first jingle was broadcast across the nation in 1940 (Bellis, n. d. ). in 1966 Pepsi is sold in Japan and Eastern Europe for the first time. In 1970, sales exceed the $1 billion mark with 36,000 employees (Our History, n. d. ). the 1980s saw Pepsi work the largest beverage company in the world with more than 300,000 employees (Our History, n. d. ). By 1990, Pepsi had acquired Frito-Lay, Gamesa, Smarfood, Kentucky Fried Chicken, 7Up, and many other enterprises (Our History, n. d. ). The Brands Target Market Today and yesterdayIn the early years of Pepsi, the target market was limited to the customers who frequented Bradhams Pharmacy in New Bern. Sometime around 1910, Pepsi started an ad campaign featuring women and celebrities (Caleb Bradham (1867-1934), 2011). This was a very successful move on Mr. Bradhams part. Women have always been the deciding force behind household purchases, and celebrities grab the attention of the consumer. Pepsis target market today is geared for a younger crowd. The celebrities that are employed to be in todays commercials are well known to the younger generation.Of course, commercials are non the only way Pepsi attracts young people. Pepsi sponsors concerts for medical specialtyians that are popular with young people. They provide scholarships, arrange educational trips, they give away items analo gous bicycles, cd players t-shirts, and concert tickets (Pepsi Market Targeting, 2010). Positioning Of Competitors Pepsis biggest competitor is Coca Cola. Positioning by distribution would not help Coca Cola since Pepsi is found nearly everywhere Coca Cola is found. Price positioning also would not help Coca Cola because their prices are about the same as Pepsi. improvement positioning is a good way for Coca Cola to position itself in the minds of consumers but Pepsi has one thing going for it that Coca Cola does not Pepsi has food products in its list of goods and Coca Cola does not. Target positioning is Coca Colas strongest method. They target the same young people that Pepsi does, the 15-25 year old range (Target Market of Coca Cola, 2010). Coca Cola targets upper lower and lower class students and family oriented people with busy life styles who are fun loving and who loves entertainment.They are looking for people who are part of the mobile generation who are on the go and enj oy listening to music and watching television (Target Market of Coca Cola, 2010). Coca Cola and Pepsi and similar products but they do have their differences. advertize reinforces these differences, which can affect sales and pricing. Advertising also protects the brands from their competition. However, there is a downside an increase in competitive advertising can have an undesirable effect on the overall sales of to each one of the brands (Linton, 2011). The Celebrity Face of the Brand The Fit and the TargetIn 1984, advertising history was made as Michael Jackson and his brothers appear in Pepsi commercials. Other celebrities like Lionel Richie, Tina Turner and Michael J. Fox soon followed in Pepsi commercials (Our History, n. d. ). Rap singer MC Hammer and Ray Charles appeared in commercials in 1991. either of the celebrity endorsers for Pepsi were chosen to make up a specific target market. Britney Spears and Beyonce were chosen to reach the younger generation just as Micha el Jackson was some twenty years earlier. Ray Charles was chosen to reach older consumers who grew up in the 50s and 60s.Other Possible Endorsers for the Brand Pepsi has done a good job tutelage up with the times, utilizing the celebrity status of the most popular and well-known people to sell their product. According to TV Guide, the three most popular celebrities are Jennifer Lopez, Kim Kardashian, and Mariah Carey. All three have appeared in Pepsi Commercials. Natalie Portman, Hilary Duff, and Zooey Deschanel have never endorsed Pepsi and would reach their target audience. Hilary Duff is a good choice because of her association with the Disney Channel.Young girls look up to her and young boys think she is pretty. Natalie Portman, whose fame skyrocketed with the release of the Star Wars prequel trilogy, would also make an excellent choice for Pepsi commercials. Zooey Deschanel is appealing to young people because she is an actress, a musician, a singer and a songwriter. The Compe titors Endorsers Paris Hilton, LeBron James, and Christina Aguilera have all endorsed Coca Cola. However, Coca Cola tends to choose more athletic endorsers, like speed skater Apolo Ohno, and surpassing hockey player Angela Ruggiero (Coca-Colas Olympic endorsers, 2011).Coca Cola looks for more active athletic people, who are in good, physical condition. Perhaps because they want Coca Cola to be associated with a goodish lifestyle. They do have healthier alternatives than Coca Cola itself like juices and teas. Conclusion It is common knowledge that celebrities affect brand positioning. Advertising reinforces the brands image and helps to protect it in the brands market share from their competitors (Linton, 2011). References Bellis, M. (n. d. ). The History of Pepsi Cola. Retrieved October 28, 2011, from About. com http//inventors. about. om/library/inventors/blpepsi. htm Brands. (2011). Retrieved October 29, 2011, from PepsiCo http//www. pepsico. com/Brands. html Caleb Bradham (1867- 1934). (2011). Retrieved October 29, 2011, from North Carolina History Project http//www. northcarolinahistory. org/encyclopedia/113/entry Coca-Colas Olympic endorsers. (2011). Retrieved October 30, 2011, from The Atlanta Journal-Constitution http//projects. ajc. com/ impetus/view/business/020510coke_athletes/ Linton, I. (2011, June 06). Does Advertising Affect Brand Management? Retrieved October 30, 2011, from eHow Money http//www. ehow. om/info_8548285_advertising-affect-brand-management. html Our History. (n. d. ). Retrieved October 28, 2011, from PepsiCo http//www. pepsico. com/Company/Our-History. html Pepsi Market Targeting. (2010, January 13). Retrieved October 29, 2011, from About. com http//inventors. about. com/library/inventors/blpepsi. htm Target Market of Coca Cola. (2010, June 14). Retrieved October 29, 2011, from Zimbio http//www. zimbio. com/Coca-Cola/articles/AQ1BESn41bA/Target+Market+of+Coca+Cola TV Guide Most Popular Celebrities. (2011). Retrieved October 29, 2011 , from TV Guide http//www. tvguide. com/top-celebrities

Behaviour Modification Approaches In Us Public Schools

The growing need for tack togetherive procedures in disciplining and meliorateing un classifyd disciples in the US unexclusive instructs has become nascent nowadays. Behaviour modification is essential in modelling young people wholl become responsible members of the lodge. Effectivecape of conduct modification procedures is seen to reduce deflexion and taskatic characters in a sister.The effectiveness of affable skills and social inoculation procedures which submit blown pop sub-procedures atomic number 18 behaviour modification methodologies whose perspective is to social function culture and organizations within the social context to utilize straightlaced moral projections in macrocosm civiliseings. Procedures to neuter behaviour confirm transformed from aggressive methodologies resembling caning, but legislation and physiological inquiry has downplayed the effectiveness and pointed unwrap health implications emanating from these methodologies.Expulsions, s uspensions and p argonntal ad viciousness and parent-t each(prenominal)er collaboration to enforce, advice and worsen in prepare in students is an climb which is so far a commonplace practice. The need to understand these procedures, the knowlight-emitting diodege of their impacts and success in correcting and modifying behaviour in students in the US earthly c one timern schools is paramount and integral in the commonplace school corpses. US public schools are having fusss enforceing versatile behaviour modification procedures receivable to various legislation laws.There is likewise the growing need to identify modalities to tackle the increasing implicit character and behaviours which are negatively bear upon other students in these schools. Drug curse, inebriantism, early sex, roll of tobacco, unconventional language and come to the foreward ness towards teachers, companionship and other students are problematic characters seen in the students and need to be mo dified. This paper explores the various strategies and methodologies busy to modify these problematic behaviours and disciplining students in the US public schools. Introduction kind skills and social inoculation procedures chip in been intensively reviewed as collective and effective style modification procedures in public schools. These school-based strategies developed first in smoking prevention and later employ to other substances have been practically admissible out-of-pocket to their approach to teacher-parent and edict collaboration to impart and correct irresponsible step to the foreance in students. However, cognitive control methodologies have led to more terse approaches to disciplining and modifying behaviour in students.Suspensions and expulsions have successfully instilled discipline and positive virtues in students. A zero gross profit margin on indiscipline approach has now become the lead methodological analysis applied in US public schools. cipher tolera nce approach as been in force as a proactive approach to a perceived rise in gangs, medicates, and violence in united States public schools and community. Typically, zero tolerance policies mandate predetermined offsprings or punishments for specify offense. These policies have been subject to compete as to whether they are effective and whether they have unintended consequences that negatively affect students.This approach has become the dogma methodology in US public schools. This air modification approach is close a lot characterized by disciplinal action that punishes all students severely regardless of mitigating factors such as severity of infraction, age, or intent.. However, parents and some(a) legislators often criticize the methodology citing consequential health implications. The need for espousing these procedures is important, especially in this wake of a huge populace in the United States. The multi cultural aspect of the community in which the populace is r epresent of various communities .i. e. Caucasian, blacks and Whites is troublesome ascribable to dissenting interests and attitudes towards education and moral facade of each student from each community. According to statistics, escalation of moral retrogression and the overt-ness of sexuality in young people is more of an intricate social quagmire and an intrinsic social problem with wide spread implications on the long term and perverse socio-economic-health implications on family and the public domain. This has been manifested in public schools wherein the behaviours and indiscipline are seen.On substance ab apply and violence, teachers in school need to identify the time and place where their students fetter in alcoholism. This will help in identifying proper kernel of creating re intromissional or rehabilitative timetables for these students. Drug abuse and alcoholic sprees usually happen mingled with 3pm and 7pm (www. samhsa. gov) outside the school compound or homestead, or in the most neglected and limitedly visited areas of these two environss. The most common alcoholic substances abused are beer and spirits (www. samhsa. gov).These escalations In moral problems in students and indulgence in sexual behaviors, violence, dis rewardful, bullish, and various problematic characters is increasingly affecting the level of education in American public schools. question indicate so many youths are now unable to finish schooling due to indulgence in bad ethics and problematic activities and subsequently being expelled from school while others dope off out in pursuit of these vices. The need to correct and modify these behaviours and arrest any escalation of these problems n the public schools is becoming integral in the education system.Methodologies and approaches are being employed and comprehensively used to reappearance the situations and model students into responsible young people who are admissible in the modern American society. Besides, iden tifying problems in students and using the proper wayling and behaviour modification strategy is vital. Problems faced by US public school system regarding students with bad behaviour The problems faced by the public schools onset with dropping out school by students due to their indulgence and subsequent immersion in problematic lives like being parents or even going to jail.Secondly, students nowadays have developed various behaviours which are deemed dangerous. There is excessively a growing trend of students practicing and exhibiting immoral projections which do not reflect respect of upright morals and behaviours and are deemed disrespectful. According to research conducted in Baltimore, the hounding are the problems faced in US public schools (Brecht Donoghue , 2004) Possession, use or distribution of tobacco on school piazza Disruptive behavior communicatory molestation Possession of drugs or alcohol Possession of weapons or firearms Arson Vandalizing, damaging, d efacing, or destroying school property Violent behaviors/assaults, vicious fighting Extortion, coercion, blackmail, and robbery Trespassing Damaging property Insubordination Dress inscribe violations Cheating/copying the work of another Fighting Possession of electronic devices (e. g. , beepers, cell phones) Sexual harassment Sexual misconduct Verbal abuse, ethnic slurs, vulgar statements or gestures, including the distribution of obscene material misdeed on bus or school transportation Disorderly conduct Gambling Assault on school staff Behavior intervention approaches Frank M. Gresham (2004), argues that Behavioral interventions is conceptualized using four broad hypothetical categories (a) applied behavior digest, (b) social learning theory, (c) cognitive behavior therapy, and (d) neobehavioristic S-R theory (Powers & Franks, 1988). Applied behavior analysis (ABA) descends directly from Skinners (1953) operant conditioning work and is based on the three-term co ntingency that describes the functional relationship between antecedents, behaviors, and consequences (Gresham, 2004).Social cognitive theory utilizes the concept of vicarious learning and the role of cognitive mediation processes in determine which environmental events are attended to, retained, and subsequently performed when an individual is exposed to modeling stimuli (Gresham, 2004 pp 327). Social learning theory is based on the notion of reciprocal determinism that describes the role an individuals behavior has on changing the environment and vice versa (Bandura, 1986). Much of the work in social skills interventions utilizes modeling as an essential discussion strategy (Elliott & Gresham, 1991 Gresham, 2002).Cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) assumes that an individuals behavior in response to environmental events is mediated by their cognitions or thoughts (327). The goal of CBT is to change maladaptive cognitions that, in turn, lead to changes in behavior. Techniques such as self-importance-instruction, self evaluation, correction of maladaptive self talk, and problem solving are used in CBT to change behavior (Kendall, 1985). CBT interventions are comm lonesome(prenominal) used in the clinical treatment of anxiety and mood (depression, dysthymia) problems (Kazdin, 1990 Laurent & Potter, 1998).Neo-behavioristic S-R models are based on features of classical (respondent) conditioning and escape learning in which maladaptive responses are conditioned to stimuli in the environment (Gresham pp 327). Procedures such as imperious desensitization and exposure based treatments (e. g. , flooding, implosion) for treating anxiety disorders and obsessive-compulsive disorders are based on these S-R models of learning. These concepts have been dissected into simplistic approaches by school experts and education stakeholders.They have been incorporated in the public school behavior correction faculties as methodologies whose effectiveness varies with the level of be havior intricacy and extent of effect on the respect and view by the teachers Behaviour modification methodologies used to correct this indiscipline Various modern approaches to these problems are in place. Teacher intervention techniques as well as school rules modification approaches are besides in force. These approaches differ with effectiveness and time frame of implementation. Expulsions, suspensions, caning are commonplace.They compose the zero tolerance methodology which is the common practice used in public schools. Drugs, alcoholism, language and violence are approached as cases which need to be character referenceed cognitively. Teacher intervention methods revolve around counselling and participating in initiating good behaviour and positive perceptions in the students who have these problematic behaviours. School teacher intervention The creation of a positive social interaction environment in a friendly and unrestrictive automated teller machine sallys the proper e nvironment for the teacher to address the problem.This kind of environment greatly increases reco real. Its aimed at change collective social behavior so as to inspire and correct the students. The school counselor should counsel the students, encourage them to share their problems, initiate recreational activities like playing chess, bridge, and other in-house games (Ken & David 2007). Through a cognitive-control system the teacher manifests self analysis, self recognition, and self help so as to regulate behavior. It involves reading materials wherein the teenage reads her problem and follows a set of procedures like, playing with her pet, watching an inspiring video, etc.The procedure is used in the environment created by the school teacher (above). The objective of the method is to create competing system within the brain and reconstruct adolescents lessen brain capacity to want physical engagement with substances. A school counselor should address the teen alcohol problem w ith an informative perspective He gives complete clinical views on use and abuse of substances and comprehensively emphasizes the importance of the context (David Masci,, 2000). This perspective scope is on teenage cases who are supposed to actively attend and play roles in the education and during the classes.The concept is to keep these teens safe from alcohol and to stop substance abuse. The school counselor should give social and drug life education to change teenagers to make responsible decisions by providing honest information. Secondly, the student should emphatically give a complete clinical and legal overview of implications of both on substance abusers to discourage the teens from excessive or partial indulgence. The counselor is also supposed to advise the students to understand their place in the society and their future as citizens in the educative approach (Flannery, 2007).After-school programs Students tend to have various social networks where they interact. The s chool counselor should integrate these networks as outside activities by allocating time to be with the students. According to research, drug abuse takes place mostly after school and evening hours as stated above (Bachman, Johnston & OMalley 1990). A school counselor is involved in participating, and listening to what students express and how they relate with their peers. In a group setting, he encourages the students to speak freely, express their views, thoughts, ideas, and perspectives.He intervenes only while asking them why they feel or think a certain way, then offer his support. Students can have a friend or family member participate in order to amend the advice being offered. The setting is a homely, conducive, and well equipped with internet and all communication in like mannerls to help these students research their problem with guidance from the school counselor. This is a very effective method and creates a backbone for the in small stages and even instant ceasing o f alcohol habits.According to (Rosenbaum, 2003), the after school programs form the basis of a communal approach to the problem. The students are able to understand their problem through guidance. If a students drug use becomes a problem, the after-school drop-in program enables her to make informal contact with a professional, even if she is not fixate for formal treatment. If problems escalate, a referral to the appropriate agency can be made (Rosenbaum 2003). Peer mediation commandment experts also suggest providing opportunities for students to become more engaged in school activities.Adopting strategies that include students in the discipline process, including peer mediation and mentoring, may assist violence prevention efforts. In peer mediation, students are further to sit down with a packed student mediator (often accompanied by an adult) and resolve their differences through dialogue. In many cases problems that would otherwise escalate can be resolved through mediatio n. However, if the problem is not solved, students may be required to meet with an adult or older student mentor once a week for further mediation and mentoring until all parties agree that the issue is resolved.Approaching the students problem to foster an understanding that the student is capable of excelling in all aspects of life if he/she desists from substance abuse is helpful. The school counselor should as often as possible make groups which consist of most develop students to act as the role models. These role model groups actively integrate with other groups and incorporate the students who have drug problems. This makes these students sociable and gradually makes them feel acceptable in these groups and most important, desists from substance abuse due to the moral aspect of the group personality status. set tolerance methodology These policies mandate predetermined consequences or punishments for specified offenses, especially those deemed very criminal in terms of the a ge and environment they are committed. Sex, drugs, violence, assault on a student, teacher, damaging school property and related cases are approached through the zero tolerance approach. The methodology is related to substantial drop in school crimes and is common practice (Ronnie Casella, 2000). Zero tolerance is a policy that mandates predetermined consequences or punishments for specified offenses.It is intended to deter student misconduct by weeding out potential troublemakers and setting an example to others who might choose to misbehave, zero tolerance policies are most often characterized by a variety of high-tech detection methods (such as metal detectors and video surveillance) and strict discipline policies that punish all offenses equally severely without consideration of mitigating factors, such as the severity of the infraction or the intent or age of the individual (Russell Skiba, 2000.In most cases, these policies mandate that perpetrators be subject to school riddan ce disciplinary actions ranging from suspensions and expulsions to arrest by in-school police (Brecht Donoghue , 2004). Great results have been seen through this methodology, however, its harsh aspects and the suspension of the student affects the educational background of a student (V. K. Costenbacher and S. Markson, 1994). Proponents of zero tolerance argue that these policies are needed to supplant disruptive elements from the classroom and keep schools free of violence.Zero tolerance is implemented in cases where the student exhibits behaviors which are deemed too harsh to be contained in the school (C. Bowditch, 1993) . School student communities approach Public school administrations borrow structure a sense of community within the school has been effective at preventing violence (Russell Skiba, 2000), because students are held accountable by their peers for harm they cause. Public school administrations adopted a community model in which students rectify their mistakes whe never possible.In schools these communities institute pee juries or teen courts in which students accused of misbehavior must appear before a jury composed of fellow students. The accused student must explain his or her misbehavior to the jury, and then the jury is responsible for communicating to the student how the behavior violated the rules of the school community and develop an appropriate consequence (Brecht Donoghue , 2004). The students sentence is not punitive, but rather an travail to reintegrate the student into the school community.Most often, the student is required to make restitution for his or her action and engage in some type of community service Decision-making and problem-solving This approach emphasizes the development of cognitive and behavioral skills which are flexible and not situation-specific. On a cognitive level, students are taught decision-making and problem-solving techniques which will better prepare them to negate peer pressure situations without alienating friends. Students are also taught specific self-instruction techniques that are designed to provide them with a framework for guiding themselves through high-risk situations.Finally, students are taught basic interpersonal skills designed to enable them to implement specific decisions or act in a way which is consistent with what they want (Catherine S. Bell and Robert J. Battjes, 1984). otherwise measures used in US public schools Schools use of programmatic prevention efforts, such as conflict firmness of purpose and behavior worry, help prevent student violence and aggression and eliminate the need for harsh disciplinary action (David Masci, 2000).Conflict resolution has a moderate effect on the level of student aggression in schools, and helps students remember and employ alternatives to violence when solving conflict. More support and procreation in classroom solicitude of behavioral problems helps teachers deescalate potentially violent situations. Expansion of training for principals and teachers in the development and implementation of behavioral management programs to help them learn strategies useful in deescalating potentially violent interactions.This has helped more of the teachers in the public schools to have more efficiency and capacity in Expansion of violence prevention programs in schools accelerates awareness and proficiency in recognition of faulty behaviors. Introduction of school counselors in public schools is becoming a very effective methodology. As seen in the teacher intervention methodology, through a cognitive-control system the teacher manifests self analysis, self recognition, and self help so as to regulate behavior. This will help address the declination on the learned youths which is adversely affecting the social balance.More Hispanic youths, especially males, is on the declines. The effects on the society are more poor families, crime rate increase and joblessness. The long term effect is a social imbalance with Blacks and Hispanics as well as other immigrants joining the lesser society and the poor Americans. A steady decline on stable families and the many unlearned and jobless children is affecting the national economic stability. Subsequently there will be more children, the poor and the aged in the population that the stable workers (Sandra Yin, 2007).Parents and social involvement in correction of behaviour The role of parents in behavior modification is the most integral in the public school behavior modification approaches. The parents and community members have been involved in contributing as the guardians of proper social behaviors in the community. The counselor involves concepts of capacity building and establishment of more positive youth groups so as to build on youths strengths. This is through advising on developing positive mental attitude towards their abilities in education and entrepreneurship.The teacher invites the community to lead in playing a role of advisors while he is the active leader. These community members and the school counselors have the pact to present appropriate role-models and opportunities for remediation for young people growing up in the school community. The nub to young adults and their peers must be that they understand the dangers of substance abuse and make appropriate choices when confronted with opportunities of drug use (David Masci, 2000).In expulsions and suspensions, parents are involved in these decisions which are seen more punitive and applicable as ways to correct bad morals projected by students. Effective parenting onsets good behavior and structures long term proper characters in children. This proper behaviors and morals are carried to schools where these children meet children with different characters and up-bringing. Parenting skills have led to development of approaches to train parents in skills seen as necessary for a harmonious parent-child relationship and for the amelioration of a number of puerility problem (Pinsker & Geoffroy, 1981).Parents with skills and companionship about effective parenting have been able to address and reduce deviant child behaviours. This has also led to harmonisation of family and school perceptions in these children. School administrators have been approaching parents to attend as often ass possible school based behaviour modification approaches to arm the parents with enough knowledge on how to manage their children and the implications of immoral and indiscipline in school. The approach has been to intensify the knowledge of parents and their capacity on how to be proficient in behaviour modification.Parents have increased their capacity in communication when discussing and reprimanding their children who arrangement immoral characters and problematic behaviours. The public schools administrators and stakeholders have violenceed on parents to learn more effective means of dealing with typical parent-child relationship conflicts and dev elop a healthier parent-child relationship. Behaviour modification approach contains an emphasis on direct behaviour aims at direct behaviour change. Parents capacity to modify contrasted behaviours is emphasised so as to arrest these problematic problems.Parents capacity, based on the training attained and knowledge imparted in the school administrators, is aimed at making the communication approach of the parents to aim at focussing upon maladaptive communication patterns between parent and child that are seen as the cause of inappropriate child behaviour (Pinsker & Geoffroy, 1981). Impact of bad behaviour on good students The impact of the bad behaviour in the well behaved children in schools negatively impacts on those students who have good moral back grounds.The consequence of these impacts are unsafe learning environments, exposure to smoking, drugs and other problems portrayed by the bad students. The students are intimidate and coerced so as to identify with these students . These impacts result to poor academic performance and profound moral decadency in the schools. Safety and correction to reduce harm and to reconstitute behavior and perception in the teens is important. The school counselor can actively and consistently provide extra attention and consideration to the teens with the problem and follow up their recovery.The impacts of bullying and coercion lead to traumas and children seeking to leave these schools due to intimidations by these problematic students. Sources Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and actions A social cognitive theory. Upper Saddle River, NJ Prentice-Hall. Barbra Flannery, (2007) International Research Institute, Baltimore Brecht Donoghue, (2004) Zero Tolerance in Baltimore C. Bowditch(1993), Getting Rid of Troublemakers High School Disciplinary Procedures and the Production of Dropouts, Social Problems, Vol. 40,(David Masci,, 2000) Preventing stripling Drug Use Is the Get-Tough Approach Effective? Congr essional Quarterly, Vol. 12, No. 10 Frank M. Gresham (2004) Current perspective and Future Directions of School-Based Behavioral Interventions School Psychology Review, Volume 33, No. 3, pp. 326-343 Sandra Yin http//www. prb. org/Articles/2006/TheUnitedStatesat300Million. aspx Hser, Y-I. Grille, C. E. Hubbard, R. L. et al (2002). An evaluation of drug treatment for adolescents in four U. S. cities Archives of General Psychiatry Volume 17, pp 1 (J. G. Bachman, L. D. Johnston and P.M. OMalley 1990), Explaining the Recent crash in Cocaine use Among Young Adults Further Evidence That Perceived Risks and Disapproval Lead to reduce Drug use Journal of Health and Human Social Behavior 31. 2 (1990) 173-184 (Ken & David 2007), Social-economic decline due to substance abuse by teens An intelligence approach to teen physiology through counter brain measures. Goldman Intelligence, capital of Kenya p1-5 Mark Pinsker, Kevin Geoffroy (1981) A Comparison of Parent Effectiveness readiness and Behaviour Modification Parent Training ,Family Relations, Vol.30, No. pp. 61-68 M. Rosenbaum, Just Say No Wins Few Points with Ravers, Los Angeles Times, 31 Jan. 2001 A13. M. Rosenbaum (2003) Safety first A verity based approach to teens drugs and drug education. Drug Policy Alliance www. safety1st. org Russell Skiba (2000), Zero Tolerance, Zero Evidence, Policy Research Report SRS2, Indiana Research Center, Ronnie Casella (2000), Zero Tolerance Policy in Schools Rationale, Consequences, and Alternatives, Teachers College Record, Vol. 105, Texas drug and rehabilitation center U. S.Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 2006 Annual Social and Economic Supplement, accessed online at www. census. gov, on Sept. 15, 2006 US Department of Education Findings from the school survey on crime and Safety (2006) U. S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND valet SERVICES Public Health Service Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Administration Prevention Research Deterring Drug Abuse among Children and Adolescents (2004) V. K. Costenbacher and S. Markson (1994), School Suspension A Survey of Current Policies and Practices, NAASP Bulletin, No. 78 http//www. drugfree. org www. samhas. gov www. nida. nih. gov

Economics article commentary: June Harvest to Reduce inflation Essay

Inflation refers to a persistent rise in the general price take in a given period of time usually one year. There are both main attributes of ostentation namely, demand pull inflation and follow push. Demand pull inflation is ca employ by raising aggregate demand that pulls up prices in the economy. There are several factors that cause this type of inflation, for example, when government reduces income task leaving consumers with more disposable incomes to spend. However, as far as this article is concerned it is basically cost push inflation that is of major concern. Cost push inflation is caused by ascension costs of production that forces producers to increase prices of the final products.High food prices incur been the main driver of inflation due to the drought that hit the solid ground early last year. Agriculture depends on natural factors beyond human control such as weather. A drought will cause shortages that will go out in escalating prices as shown in the diagr am below.Figure 1DD and S1S1 are the original demand and planning curve respectively. A drought will cause a shortage that will secure the supplement curve to shift to the left, that is, to S2S2 and price to rise from P1 to P2 as quantity decreases from Q1 to Q2.When the drought affects most parts of the country then aggregate supply of food will reconcile. This inevitably makes food prices to rise. Furthermore, the article says that the rise in inflation has also been due to increase in outside(a) crude oil prices that have resulted into increases in the pump prices of fuel. Fuel is a major component in the production process and so each increase in its price will increase production costs. Consequently, there would be a fall in short-run aggregate supply as shown in the diagram below.Figure 2AD and SRAS1 are the aggregate demand and short-run aggregate supply curves respectively. A rise in cost of production shift the SRAS curve to the left that is, to SRAS2 average price in creases from P1 to P2.Although inflation benefits sellers in terms of increase revenue, on the whole, it has several adverse effects. Some of these include reducing the living standard of especially obdurate income earners, such as pensioners and salaried workers. This is especially since the article mentions that the cost of living has been on an upward veer following increases in inflation that reached to 14.1%. So anything that can help to reduce inflation is a take in move. The title of this article June Harvest to reduce inflation shows that relief is on the way. Reducing Inflation heart that prices will fall making essential commodities affordable by the vast majority of the consumers. However, before the yield brings the relief the government has a number of policies at its disposal that it may use to combat inflation. governing body could use monetary and fiscal policies. For instance in the case of fiscal policies the government could increase income tax to reduce disp osable income of consumers. This helps to reduce aggregate demand and so stabilizes prices. The problem with this policy is that it makes the government unpopular among the voters electorate. Furthermore, it may serve to worsen the unemployment problem and might also through down the economic egression in the long run. Government could also use the supply side policies. These are policies that are used by government to increase the supply potential of the economy. For example, the government could abolish minimum wage laws. This would make it cheap to employ workers but would also reduce total cost of production. Its disadvantage is that workers are jump to be exploited by their employers.In conclusion, government of Uganda should put in place a weapon to prevent future shortage of food by operating buffer stock schemes. And although such schemes have problem, such as cost of shortage, but their existence helps to ease shortages of foodstuffs caused by unpredictable climate chang es. later all, prevention is better than cure. This is important also because the government of Uganda has no control over the international crude oil prices.

Jungian Psychological Profiles in Glenngarry

Glengarry Glen Ross A Jungian Perspective David Mamet wrote the play Glengarry Glen Ross as a look into the land of sales. As with most of his massage, capitalism and its effect on the actors is a major theme. Stories as they atomic number 18 written progress to point of references that have different roles found on their functionlities and behaviors. This assign workforcet of roles is something that has spanned the hitarradiddle of literary upstanding kit and boodle. Carl Jung, Swiss head-shrinker and the founder ofanalytical psychology informed these roles mess assume and their meaning.The term he used to refer to these quotation descriptions is called pilot films. All of the addresss in the play have fusss. Most of these be based in personality flaws and a lack of moral character. When looking at the characters of this play we unwrap definite archetypes in their personalities. What is it that makes each character act the vogue they do, is in that location a comm on thread or archetype, and does Mamet speak to a great problem by using Jungian archetypes? Is Mamets discourse on the effects of the sales contri simplyion on throng a discourse on the effects of capitalism on the society we get going in now? in that respect argon 5 main characters in this play who work in the sales shoes Shelly the Machine L counterbalancee, Ricky capital of Italy, John Williamson, Dave Moss, and George Aaronow. Each of these characters has flaws in their character. Through superintendful examination of each character we sess assign Jungian archetypes to do this though we must understand archetypes. Archetypes are models or types of plenty, their personalities and their behaviors. But what is the definition of an archetype?Carl Jung said The archetype is a imageical formula, which always begins to function whenever there are no certain ideas present, or when such as are present are unfeasible upon intrinsic or extrinsic grounds. The contents of the co llective unconscious are represented in bopingness in the form of pronounced tendencies, or definite ways of looking at things. (Jung 33) These pronounced tendencies are the underlying motivation for each character in the play. We can gull how each of these makes conscious and unconscious decisions that are reflective of each persons assign archetype.Looking at the characters we see the author has assigned them archetypes (consciously or unconsciously). In the opening act of the play we see Levene and Williamson sitting in a Chinese restaurant where Levene is begging for sweet-flavored leads. He lauds of past successes, and even tells Williamson to talk to Mitch and Murray (the owners of the office) closely his mastery of sales. In this character we are beginning to see desperation. At the end of the month the two sales people with the lowest sales are going to get fired. He knows that if he does non cheat he is doomed. He only gets old leads from Williamson.The spic-and-spa n fresh leads entrust non be released to the salesmen until after the advance. This is a classic vicious cycle. He cannot sell to the old leads because they are deadbeats and give not get the radical ones the ones who volition buy, until he does. He is propositioned by an different co-worker to single out into the office to steal the new leads. He does this and tells the early(a) co-worker he will keep quiet about the whole ordeal. In the end he cannot keep his mouth shut and cracks when he inadvertently discloses a brief incident that only the burglar would know to Williamson who picks up on this slip up immediately.Looking at Jungian archetypes with the Levene character we see three archetypes emerge The Scap egotismat, The division and The Shadow. Combined these play an intricate part in why Levene does what he does. The butt archetype is best described as that which personifies (sic) everything the subject does not wish to vitrine in him egotism (Jung 275) or the dar k side of our nature. (Jung 85) In Levene we see a man who does not requirement to look at the darkness inside the darkness that would have him trying to bribe his boss for fresh leads, burglarize the office, or snitch on the co-worker who developed the plan in the first place.When he is found out as the burglar he panics. This is the animalistic part of the shadow the resorting to primal instincts. He tries to bargain with Williamson. He offers a percentage of all future sales to him. When these do not work he resigns himself to the consequences. Coupled with the shadow we see Levene exemplify the persona. This archetype is described as a symbol of the protective manage or robe. (Jung 287) Levene acts in a manner while on the in the office with a co-workers client that is a full f demoralize from reality. He acts equal he is a misdeed president of American Express and travels the world.This is a ruse he jumps into with no preparation and pulls it off beautifully. This mask he uses whether to deceive his clients, himself, or others, is his persona. It is dishonest from its onset. This core dishonesty is how the shadow archetype is manifesting in his psyche. entirely akin the vicious cycle with the leads here we see the cycle of his dishonesty in every opinion of his work heart being transmitted into the shadow archetype, his subconscious now makes instinctual decisions from a negative saltation off place. The more he participates in this pattern the deeper the pathology sets in him.To round out this character we can apply the whipping boy archetype. The scapegoat archetype is defined as the one who gets blamed for everything, regardless of whether he or she is actually at fault. (Essortment) Sure he is to blame for the break in but he was not the first choice to do it. Aaronow was asked first but he decided he could not do it so Levene was asked. In the end Levene snitches on Moss for being the instigator. Levene was asked to do the burglary becaus e if he was caught he would scratch the blame by himself. He was singled out for the archetype that fit him best.Every office needs a scapegoat and being the oldest and least productive he subconsciously plays the role to a tee. Here where everything comes together, a desperate man, m similarg base decisions from a negative subconscious, led by a persona steeped in dishonesty, who knows that he puts himself at risk of either getting fired for not selling or getting arrested for the break in, who is manipulated by the others in his workplace, and trying desperately hold on to an self-image long gone. Mamet is hinting that these factors are not something eccentric in a sales office or in capitalistic western society as a whole.This is why the character is so relatable. John Williamson is the office manager. He is not a salesman. He works for the owners and his job it to marshal those leads. (Mamet) He is a comp each man and his pay is not based on commission. He takes his orders from the owners. He has no sympathy for any of the salesmen in the office. He takes a regular barrage of crap from each of them every day. He does not have to sell in the orbital cavity and that alienates him from the rest of the characters. In the opening scene we see Levene trying to get extra leads form him.When Levene offers specie he is quick to say yes, but he wants all of the money right then. Levene says he will have the full sum the next day. Williamson reacts coldly, almost emotionless, to Levenes pleas for leads. He is quick to betray his morals for material gain. The first archetype for Williamson is the shadow. He is quick, almost instantly ready to betray his conscious to see the leads to Levene. He also has no compassion that dark place that is the result of phenomenon in Williamsons life that has jaded him. Understandably, in this office setting it would be hard to be compassionate seeing the way he is treated.But he should maintain his professionalism buy not en tertaining the request from Levene. This is where the archetype of the scapegoat enters. penny-pinching the end of the play Williamson inadvertently blows one of Romas deals thinking he is helping. He does not know the cardinal rule of a sales office do not talk unless you know what is going on. As stated earlier, Williamson is blamed for all the problems in the office. Levene blames John for the lack of good leads Roma blames him for blowing out his deal, so this makes him an easy target.Since he is not a salesman he is not considered one of the boys. He is an outsider. And anyone can relate to an outsider being a scapegoat. John also unknowingly strengthens Levenes persona archetype buy feeding his favorable position complex with simple rookie mistakes. It would seem that there is a contention between Levene and Williamson on who actually is the scapegoat. This would explain why in the end when Levene asked why he is turning him in he says Because I dont like you. (Mamet) His s hadow archetype returns for nearice. Mamet gives another nod to the problem with capitalism.That a person has to whatever it takes to be successful in the business world. Whether it is betraying your own personal ethics, your relationships with other people, or obligations to employers, nothing can stand in the way of someone trying to make it in business. The next character is George Aaronow. He is in the same situation as Levene. He needs a sale before the end of the month or else he will be fired. Like Levene he has had a bad run when it comes to sales. Where Levenes inflated ego is unwarranted, Aaronnows ego is deflated. He has a good deal given up on the world of sales.He listens to Mosss rant on why the leads are slobber and agrees with everything he is saying. He desperately wants a reason other than himself for his problems. His character is not aggressive like the others. He has a meekness that is a liability in the office. He is metaphorically swimming in a cheat tank and they see him as bait. He is originally propositioned to do the break in by Moss. Moss sees him as a perfect partner a person who would not do something akin to a break in. He also has nothing real to say in the play. He incessantly repeats whet others say as to agree.His lack of substance is deliberate. If he were more complex and aggressive he would not be in the situation he is in right now. This is the antithesis of the Levene character. He has no persona. No mask to hide behind. No sense of entitlement. He also has no courage as seen by his backing out of the plan to steal the leads. This explains why people see him as the perfect scapegoat. His shadow archetype is one based in vexation, and fearfulness. He does not want to look at why he is failing. It is easy for him to jump on the bandwagon to blame Williamson.Aaronow is the perfect example of what is wrong with capitalism. He works hard for years only to have his spirit broken by an economic model that sees him as dis posable. This lack of importance inside the workplace or in his life as a whole is not seen as something to be investigated because it is a negative in fact it is seen as the price of doing business. These are high prices for a man to pay in the premier years of his life. Dave Moss is very angry man. He has a level of anger that stays constant throughout the play. He is a predator in the shark tank.He knows nobody is going to help achieve anything in the office. He finds people who agree with his erudition of why things are the way they are in the office. He uses his persona to manipulate people into doing things they usually would not do things that betray their inner subconscious. He uses the skills that he learned on the streets selling to sell people around him on the idea that he is right about everything. They undecomposed have not become as angry about it as he has. He tries to use his skills to convince Aaronow that he should be just as angry as he is.His persona is based on resentment and frustration. This attitude keeps everyone at bay. It also shows him as a leader in the office. He probably will get the steak knives. He has several plans in his mind about his future and they are not with the debauched. He knows that if he gets the leads and sells them to a rival office he will profit financially not just from the initial purchase of those leads, but he will have a job at the firm where he can schedule and close those leads. It is a win-win situation or him. He does not care about anyone but himself.His shadow is so deeply rooted in dishonesty he cannot even see it. This is his natural state. His consciousness has no compassion for anyone and it preys on the weak. His resentment filled subconscious feeds his conscious with self-hatred. Here we are again with the vicious cycle of a negative subconscious feeding an ego problem in turn cementing a negative subconscious. This has a poisoning effect on the people around him. His sarcasm is a telltale sign of his frustration. This is shown to be a hindrance to anyone trying to be successful and a precursor to further problems down the road. Calabrese, 461) Moss is a prime example of what happens to misguided but motivated people within a capitalistic society. They revert to the animalistic shadow archetype at the expense of their own temperament. At what lengths exactly would Moss go to be successful? Manipulation, anger, frustration, deception, and theft are just some of the ways. These are the tools of the modern capitalist. A man must be willing to go to any lengths to reach his goal. Anything that gets in the way is collateral damage. Ricky Roma is the sales leader at the time of the promotion in the office.His arrogance shows in the way he talks to clients. It is reflective of someone successful on the backs of others. His interactions with the rest of the salespeople are distant and peppered with sarcasm. He has an inflated ego that is a direct result of his union in the sales room. He also berates Williamson for his inexperience in the field. He is the proverbial big shark in the tank. The rest of the salesmen resent him for his success. His shadow emerges when Lingk comes to the office to cancel his contract, the contract that put him on conk of the sales contest.He instantly and instinctively creates an elaborate fraudulent ruse with the help of Levene to make Lingk think he made the right decision. Romas fears are now controlling his every move. Consciously he is trying to protect his prize, the Cadillac. Subconsciously he is maintaining his leadership role in the office. If he is seen as anything other than a producer he is weak. His shadow would never allow him to be weak. Therefore it is his persona that takes over. He puts out this larger than life attitude that he hopes will command respect.He hopes this mask will cover his fears. This flamboyant persona making base decisions out of subconscious fears only heighten his need to reinforce th e persona. The vicious cycle returns. We see people like Roma all the time in capitalist societies. Whether it is Donald Trump, Mark Cuban, or Sean Combs, we see a braggadocio that is consistent with a person with a superiority complex. These types of people are catapulted to the top of their chosen fields. These are the heads of companies, the decision makers, the capitalists as tableau.When looking at the people in the workplace we see a phenomenon that has occurred for millennia now men acting out in kindly situations around other men to become dominant. In the caveman times the biggest and the strongest warriors who got the women, they ate better, and people venerated them with myths of the conquests. In modern times we this transition of men from being the warriors of the battlefield needing strength and battle skills to become the things legends are made of, to hyper intelligent men with business prowess and social savvy who wheel and deal, have booty wives, and frolic in th e spoils of war.But today we have more than just survival instincts motivating men we have complex egos, varying degrees of psychological pathology, and a host of psychosocial problems arising from past phenomenon I their lives. The collective unconscious, Jung claimed, contains native images and ideas that have emotions and symbolism attached. These images and ideas become manifest in fantasies, dreams, myths, and emotional responses to the world around us. (Carr). This would explain why these men behave in the same way as the men of histories past.These actions are primeval in nature, as is the archetypes they personify. If all the characters had the same success that Roma had they would all be acting like king of the roost. Unfortunately in the play this is not the case, and would not make for much of a story either. All of these men participate in a behavior called repression. Each is stuffing down something about themselves they do not want to look at that is the breeding gr ound for their ego problems. The repressed fear of the emotions becomes projected outward onto others.Emotional ties and bonds embedded in employee/work relationships are experienced as a sledding of control and invitation toward chaos. The solution derived within such a system results in the imposition of more social organisation and control coupled with even more intensities of emotional denial. Dominance, individual obsessive control, and power form the manifest behaviors of managers arising from the unconscious and are reflected and rationalized as the norms of organizational culture. (Figler and Hanlon) Here we see why it is not uncommon to see these characters develop the way they do.This is the norm in business especially within a capitalistic society. There is an underlying common subconscious in men, one that has plagued them for centuries their incessant need to be dominant within a social setting. This has evolved over time from a survival instinct into an economic pa radigm. There have been several responses to this type of economic system, from communism to isolationism (forced and unforced). In this play David Mamet is exposing what capitalism really does to men. It puts them at betting odds with their own ethical beliefs, creates unwarranted ego complexes, and instills deep rooted psychological disorders.Mamet stated in the political platform notes that American capitalism comes down to one thing The operative axiom is Hurrah for me and fuck you. Anything else is a lie. (Boon) When we look at how this type of attitude early on affects people we see this false self development, (sic) which is initially adaptive and maximizes gratifications, may become maladaptive by over-emphasis. If the early environment presents many rendering failures, then deceptive strength will be given to the emerging false self, which then becomes the buns for later social relationships to the exclusion of the real self. (Hudson) All of these characters have prob lems due to over-emphasis of their subconscious shadow archetype feeding a false persona which in turns deepens the pathology of the shadow archetype. As most people will tell you, these characters are commonplace in the workplace in western capitalistic models of business. Mamet shines a light onto this dark world that American business has evolved into. From seedy characters with dynamic psychological pathologies to a broad logical argument on capitalism as a whole Mamet only resents to the audience exactly what he sees in business a vicious cycle of pain, frustration, and alienation. Works Cited Boon, Kevin Alexander. Ethics and Capitalism in teh Screenplays of David Mamet. Literature select Quarterly 39. 3 (2011) 180. Web. Carr, Adrain. Jung, Archetypes and Mirroring in Orginizational Change Management. Journal of Orginizational Change Management 15. 5 (2002) 478. Web. 21 April 2012. Essortment. http//www. essortment. com/understanding-literary-archetypes-61301. html. n. d. Web. 24 April 2012. Figler, Robert and Susan Hanlon. Management Development and the Unconscious From an Analytical Psychology Framework. Journal of Management Development (2008) 616. Web. 20 April 2012. Hudson, Wayne. Persona and Defence Mechanisms. Journal of Analytical Psychology (1978) 56. Web. 27 April 2012. Jung, Carl G. Man and HIs Symbols. Jung, Carl G. Man and His Symbols. New York City bantam Doubleday Dell, 1964. 85. Print. Mamet, David. Glengarry Glen Ross. The Norton Anthology of American Literature. New York City W. W. Norton & Company Inc. , 2007. 3044. Print.

New Jersey v TLO Essay

New Jersey v. T. L. O. , (1985) is the case that impacted me the most. It is a decision by the US dictatorial Court regarding the constitutionality of a bet of a public high school student after she was caught smoking. A hunting of her purse revealed drug paraphernalia, marijuana, and documentation of drug sales. She was charged as a juvenile for the drugs and paraphernalia found in the anticipate. She went against the search, claiming it violated her 4th Amendment right against unreasonable searches. The U. S. Supreme Court, in a 6-3 ruling, say that the search was reasonable low the Fourth Amendment.This case established limitations on our 4th amendment right under school property. The majority opinion should be right one be reach in order to maintain either single student safe on school grounds, school officials need to be able to search anything on the school property without a warrant. In fact this case established probable cause which is when nighthing is a maybe or mi ght be and it is not necessarily written as a document. This is very different from real life because a police officer can only search where and when the warrant says to and only if he has one and any evidence found through an illegal search cannot be used.Since then, everything has change the way of doing things around school and lot are now safer because less people start bringing this kind of inappropriate or illegal material especially if they know that individual might search their locker or backpack and get them in a lot of trouble. another(prenominal) reason is that it happened in a school environment not too long ago and it gives some students something to reflect on as if they had to worry about their school safety. At last, this case had a Brobdingnagian impact on all students that go to school currently.

Influence of Internet on Students Essay

The influence of lucre is uniformly shared by all the sequence group of the society in spite of being young or old. But the school and college students low the get on of 20 are more involved in INTERNET.They have become active employrs of fond networking sites like Orkut, Facebook, and Twitter. Even though these social networking sites have restricted the use by users under the age of 18, there are currently millions of users who overcome this age group restriction and join these sites. The over use of such(prenominal) social networking sites make the younger generation addicted to these sites. As a result, they become little interested in School and College activities and start to lag behind in studies.They are online 24 hours which so cause health problems because they do not get enough sleep. They are also crazy active downloading new films of Hollywood and Bollywood which indeed causes problems for film producers as their income gets reduced. There are countless sites i n internet through which we can download movies for free. Other than movies, they also download and view content which are not appropriate for their age which makes them addicted to PORN and other vulnerable farce. They become addicted to these at such young age, which creates problem for them in future.As the activities of youth on internet are not monitored, they do not need to fear anything to misuse the contents available on internet. Also they join rubber forums and get involved in hacking and stuff like that which makes the mind of the young reader enslaved to such stuff which takes a lot of effort to recover from.The new generation is enslaved to the world of internet. They destroy their youth by sitting in front of the PC all the time. They do not even trend to go out even for shopping. They do not know the joy of playing outside. In spite of exit out and play, they sit at home in front of Pc or gaming consoles such as play station and play violent games which are violen t in nature.It is high time that they started thinking about the problems internet is creating on students and restrict the over use of internet.

Capital Punishment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Capital Punishment - Essay ExampleSadly, the close to developed country of the world, United States has not given any stance on the abolishment of the final stage sentence, and the government still continues to sentence a certain percentage of the criminals to death. The question is do the governments have the effective to give the capital penalty or not? The capital punishment announcement involves high cost to the post and the pre essay arrangements and therefore, in terms of the economic value, it is not a very unsound sort of punishing an individual. Therefore it leads us to one statement that is , the capital punishment should nevertheless be sound for the rare cases, and especially it becomes more justified where the be of rehabilitation and reform are very high. passim the tarradiddle of the world, capital punishment has become a staple from of punishing the individuals and many societies have bowleg down in front of this form of punishment. But the question that t he modern age has helped to raise is that of the justification of the punishment and does state have the right to reserve this punishment for the criminals who have committed heinous crimes. In ancient times the mode of execution was particularly bloody. In addition to crucification, the bible mentions punishments such as stoning which meant being put to death by a crowd of people throwing stones. (Marzilli, A. (2003). Capital punishment. ... hould only be awarded in the rare cases, and not in any other case, since as mentioned above the be of the rehabilitation and reform are increasing with every day. Taking a look at the history of the capital punishment which started off with the execution as being the death penalty. Since the word capital punishment has been derived from capitalis which means related to head, therefore in the historical times, the death penalty was announced through decapitation. heretofore with the modernization of the world, new methods were introduced wh ere new ways of capital punishment such as boiling to death, intermission to death, stoning, shooting, disembowelment and a few others were introduced. However now in those first world countries where the capital punishment is practiced still, they have introduced more humane methods , where they make use of the lethal injections as a method of death penalty not only it is quick but also due to its efficiency and hurt free nature. The costs involved with the death penalty are immense and they are incurred during, pre and post trial proceedings. Using conservative rough projections, the Commission estimates the annual costs of the bribe system ($137 million per year), the present system after implementation of the reforms ... ($232.7 million per year) ... and a system which imposes a maximum penalty of liveliness incarceration instead of the death penalty ($11.5 million). --California Commission on the Fair Administration of Justice. (Death Penalty appeal Amnesty International USA) According to the legislative audit in Kansas, in the year 2003, it was discovered that the costs incurred in a non death penalty case are 70% less in equation to the death penalty case. The median costs estimated that the execution costs about $1.26 million