Healthcare Professional Understanding and Response to Alarms

Social insurance Professional Understanding and Response to Alarms Deterrents and Solutions for Healthcare Professionals (HP)’s comprehension and reaction to screen alerts: A writing Review Image(1) Conceptual: The caution frameworks utilized in the emergency unit are fundamental for quiet consideration and wellbeing. They give readings for pulse, oximetry and the shorts for the alerts are set by the individual or the producer. There have been antagonistic occasions related with cautions frameworks and as of late, it has become a genuine wellbeing peril. The reason for this paper is to survey the writing for social insurance professionals’ (HP) comprehension and reaction to screen cautions in the medical clinic and any arrangements proposed. Mohammad Omar Aziz 112120367 College Cork 24/11/2014 Presentation: The alert frameworks give readings of numerous physiological factors including pulse, respiratory rate, oximetry and the shorts for the cautions are set by the individual or the manufacturer(2). These alerts can likewise be hushed. The machine utilized in NICU in CUMH contains a Stop and Pause function(2). The Pause work hushes all alert parameters for 2 minutes, while the stop work quiets just a single specific caution parameter for 1 moment. There is additionally a setting known as ‘Extreme alarm’, which cautions the HP when the specific physiological variable has deteriorated (eg oxygen immersion has been gotten under 80% for neonates in CUMH). The explanation behind such capacities (ie stop and interruption) is that an alert may not be esteemed genuine by the HP and the HP may choose to ‘wait and see’ if this is only a separated occurrence. Additionally, alerts may not be as genuine and the HP may consider it to be a ‘false positive (FP)’. T his is on the grounds that the cautions are only one contribution of data for the HP and he/she considers different sources of info, for example, clinical context(3). Likewise, the patient populace itself in the ICU is to be thought of. For instance, it is regular for neonates to have scenes of tachycardia and in that capacity, separated episodes would not make the HP be stressed over patient. Or maybe, the cautions become troubling if the factors are not returning as far as possible (for example surveying if the cautions are proceeding to sound instead of being a disconnected incident)(2). The cautions are meant to have a high particularity with the goal that a genuine occasion isn't missed. Be that as it may, this can be oppressive. In a day in the ICU, this could mean 187 cautions/bed, of which larger part are bogus positive alarms(4). Another investigation found that for a cardiovascular medical procedure, around 1 caution would go off each moment and roughly 80% of the alerts had no handy advantage (for example no clinical activity could be taken)(5). Caution frameworks can prompt unfriendly occasions and in 2010, alert perils was among the best 10 innovation wellbeing risks and in 2012, it had outperformed the others to turn into the main innovation wellbeing hazard(6, 7). The potential outcomes of unfavorable occasions can be lethal as one of the databases for the FDA had revealed that in a range of 3 years, from 2005 to 2008, there were 566 passings identified with screen gadget alarms(8). In Ireland (NICU in CUMH), a neonate could have been hypoxic after a delayed period because of misconception of alerts, featuring the worldwide size of such a problem(2). OBJECTIVE: This writing audit was intended to check whether there are any papers managing HP’s comprehension and reaction to screen cautions in basic consideration setting and manners by which it is influenced. Reaction and comprehension in this paper alludes to whether the staff: (I) reacted/got mindful of the caution and (ii) completed the right reaction dependent on the alert that sounded. These explicitly are: Variables influence their reaction and comprehension Impacts of in-sufficient reaction and comprehension Solution(s) proposed to improve reaction and comprehension Contrast in comprehension after delineation: among specialists and medical attendants, between claims to fame of ICU (for example CCU versus NICU) The ends drawn from the survey will give knowledge into reviews completed in CUH with respect to screen alerts and answers for ‘close the review loop’. It will likewise take into consideration examination of HP’s understanding in CUH to others clinics. Strategies: Consideration Criteria: Papers that managed the accompanying: HP’s understanding/communication with screen cautions Cautions utilized in Hospital (rather than wandering consideration) The accompanying databases were looked: PubMed, Cochrane Collaboration. Inclination was given to latest articles just as survey articles. Edited compositions were looked into and on the off chance that they met consideration measures, they were perused. Channels applied: ‘English’, ‘Full Text available’, ‘Human’ Search terms entered included: ‘Monitor Alarms’, ‘Monitor alerts + Understanding’, ‘Monitor Alarms + Fatigue’, ‘Alarms’. Cochrane database yielded no articles with any of the pursuit terms, aside from ‘alarms’( which yielded articles, however they had no pertinence to point). RESULTS: Caution weariness and its impact on HP’s understanding Cautions, by their tendency, are set up to alarm the staff that the patient needs taking care of and have limits set up with the end goal that a genuine occasion isn't missed. Therefore, they tend to stuffer from a high bogus positive rate (FP) and along these lines, poor positive prescient worth (PPV)(9). Clinically irrelevant and additionally FP alerts run from 80-99%(9, 10). Another investigation done demonstrated the PPV to be as low as 27%(11). This adds to staff not monitoring the alerts (desensitization), question in the cautions and not reacting to them(3, 9). As expressed before, 566 caution related passings were accounted for to FDA from 2005 to 2008(8). Cautions can be incited by quiet movement, which further adds to bogus alarms(12). These cases can be kept away from by staff quieting the cautions for a set timeframe preceding moving the patient(11). Because of the high FP pace of cautions, the more solid the alert is (for example how well it predicts genuine caution), the higher the reaction will be from staff(9). Additionally, the variables that decide reaction can be isolated into: natural for the caution itself and outward. Inside elements are whether alert keeps on sounding or it stops to sound soon (for example alert length). Additionally, the more ‘rare’ or impossible for a caution to go off, the more it would warrant a reaction. The cutoff points set by the staff for the caution may not be fitting for the given patient bringing about having such a large number of alerts that are not actionable(5). Outward factors to a caution are: outstanding burden, task unpredictability, understanding condition. The higher the outstanding burden or undertaking unpredictability, HP’s have a lower inclination to respond to it. The inverse is valid for the more serious the patient’s condition is(3, 9). Arrangements proposed to improve reaction and comprehension: To diminish the high FP rate, and at last, improve alert reaction, various arrangements have been proposed in the writing. Since cautions regularly self-right, by adding a postpone time to the alerts before they sound can lessen the quantity of cautions themselves(11). ‘Smart Alarms’ can be presented that have calculations set up that will caution just on the off chance that it is a genuine alarm(9). These frameworks consider instead of crude information itself. Expanding the ‘volume’ of cautions higher than condition was suggested (rather than having a fixed dB level for an alert sound)(13). This is upheld by the way that sound may not be heard because of: room entryways shut, occasions, for example, clamor delivered by machines that perfect the floors(14). It is additionally upheld by the way that most emergency clinics have surpassed the clamor levels suggested by WHO, and all things considered, the volume of the caution ought to be modified to nature to guarantee it is heard(15). In any case, other writing favors various modalities of cautions (for example visual or vibrating), since the commotion adds to indications in staff, for example, exhaustion and focus problems(16). Normalization of alert sounds would diminish the quantity of caution sounds the HP’s need to ‘learn’(17). Another arrangement proposed has been to have a focal notice place rather than a staff observing patient(s)when their cautions go off, which was accounted for to be worthwhile. Alert cutoff points ought to be changed to levels by HP’s considering: if the caution goes off, it will require a type of clinical activity, and the patient’s explicit condition(s)(9). This is rather than when HP’s don't change cutoff points and keep to default levels set by producer, which are set to various qualities relying upon the nation (18). Tweaking cutoff points will diminish the caution burden and increment affectability to alerts by human services staff(18). Progressing preparing ought to be furnished to the staff with an expect to have the preparation condition as intently recreating the genuine clinical condition as possible(9). Preparing through telling staff the best way to investigate cautions ought to likewise be executed. Cautions that have worked in ‘intelligent system’ to help with investigating have demonstrated to be advantageous. In a reenacted situation, savvy alerts helped the anesthetists fathom different breathing circuit flaws 62% quicker (45 sec to 17 sec)(19). Conversation: Advantages and disadvantages of Literature: There is proof in the writing on the potential antagonistic occasions of alerts and purposes behind such occasions and the seriousness of this issue. Answers for improve understanding were likewise given. There was no investigation discovered that managed whether staff saw how to work the cautions appropriately and to what degree did this difficult exist. Data identified with the seriousness of the issue just showed an issue in comprehension and reaction. Howev

Make the topic, whatever you choose as the product Research Paper

Make the subject, whatever you pick as the item - Research Paper Example gy that creates the best quality, it utilizes dependable testing methods and different quality confirmation rules that make its items all the more engaging and enduring (Licari 2005). Vaskovã ¡ and Vaskovã ¡ (2010) bring up that the advantage of utilizing the this kind of site in leading business is that the effectiveness of correspondence between the provider and the purchaser is incredibly improved that the purchaser can without much of a stretch speak with the provider on the sort of items that are accessible and even the requesting procedure of the accessible items by the purchaser is made simple. One disadvantage of utilizing this site is that there are different security worries that may endanger the exchange procedure. The fundamental security danger is that the data of the exchange can be gotten to by the programmers who are noxious and can utilize the data to further their own potential benefit for instance these people can get to the bank subtleties subsequently taking cash from either the provider or the purchaser. It is sensible to guess that most exchange SME’s will happen with regards to locales like Alibaba.com in light of the fact that the greater part of the destinations are developing at a quicker rate and are arranged as either medium or little undertakings as this will assist with plunging advancement and rivalry in the different existing financial segments. The exchanges that are directed in the different destinations that are accessible today help in building trust in the individuals that utilization the site to lead business, subsequently, the straightforwardness of any site relies upon the genuineness of the proprietors in conveying what they are ordered to do. Extortion is a typical event in the web since there are numerous fraudsters who go about as shams for their own childish additions, in this manner, any person who conducts business through different locales ought to be careful of the fraudsters in the commercial center. The worldwide money related emergency will make an open door for destinations like Alibaba.com in that these little and medium undertakings will be able to make

The 3 Factors of Reciprocal Determinism

The 3 Factors of Reciprocal Determinism Theories Social Psychology Print What Is Reciprocal Determinism? This theory explores the role our behavior plays in our environment By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Updated on December 21, 2018 Rubberball/Nicole Hill / Getty Images More in Theories Social Psychology Behavioral Psychology Cognitive Psychology Developmental Psychology Personality Psychology Biological Psychology Psychosocial Psychology According to psychologist Albert Bandura, reciprocal determinism is a model composed of three factors that influence behavior: the environment, the individual, and the behavior itself. According to this theory, an individuals behavior influences and is influenced by both the social world and personal characteristics. This model suggests that these three components are continually interacting with one another. Just as the environment exerts an influence on individual behavior, a persons actions also play a part in influencing the environment. Earlier thought often portrayed children as simply passive recipients of environmental influences, which suggested that they could simply be shaped and molded in whatever way that parents, educators, and other caregivers chose. Reciprocal determinism instead suggested that children play a much more active and interactive role. They do not simply react as a result of learned associations or reinforcements - their own personal characteristics, thoughts, feelings, and behaviors impact how they interact with the world. Behavior Component Reciprocal determinism is the idea that behavior is controlled or determined by the individual, through cognitive processes, and by the environment, through external social stimulus events. So in the case of our troubled student, his dislike of school is being reinforced (and perhaps magnified) by the actions of his teachers and classmates, which hes perpetuating by continuing to act out. For Example: A child who doesnt like school may act out in class, resulting in negative attention from classmates and teachers. The teachers are forced to alter the school environment for this child (and theoretically others like him). Environmental Component The environmental component is made up of the physical surroundings around the individual that contain potentially reinforcing stimuli, including people who are present (or absent). The environment influences the intensity and frequency of the behavior, just as the behavior itself can have an impact on the environment. For Example: So if our student gets yelled at by a teacher for talking in class, it not only has an effect on him but on the classroom environment for the rest of the students, not to mention the teacher. Individual Component The individual component includes all the characteristics that have been rewarded in the past. Personality and cognitive factors play an important part in how a person behaves, including all of the individuals expectations, beliefs, and unique personality characteristics. If our student knows that the teacher is more likely to give him something he wants if he waits until close to the end of the school day to act out, obviously hell tailor his behavior. For Example: So all the factors in our troubled student example affect each other: the child doesnt like school, he acts out, his teachers and classmates react to his behavior, reinforcing his dislike of school and creating a hostile environment. The behavior itself is something that may or may not be reinforced at any given time or situation. Another Example Of course, the situation doesnt have to be a negative one. If our student is a shy girl who usually keeps to herself (the individual/cognitive component), and enters a room on the first day of class to find that all of the other students are already present (the environment), she might try to slip into the back of the class to avoid becoming the center of attention (the behavioral component). But if another student at the front of the room boisterously greets our shy girl and invites her to sit down in an adjacent seat, the environment has introduced a new reinforcing stimulus (the friendly student) that could lead to a change in our shy girls normal routine and a change in her behavior. A Word From Verywell Banduras theory represented an important shift from the behavioral perspective to a more social-cognitive approach to understanding behavior. While the behaviorists suggested that it was the environment that almost entirely shaped individual behavior, Bandura recognized the importance of the bidirectional relationship between individuals, their behaviors, and the environment. This suggests that while people are certainly affected by the things they experience in their environment, they also have the power to exert a change on their situation and circumstances through their own choices and behaviors.

Essay on History and Philosophy of Science - 1695 Words

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Puritan Discipline - 810 Words

Puritan Discipline The Puritans, arguably the most well-known group of early English colonists settled in the Massachusetts Bay colony in the 1600’s, and are considered catalysts to modern American culture. The Puritans are famous for their theological insights, advances in the sciences, and for the establishment of the first public schools in America. The Puritans however are infamous for their potentially brutal punishment, and harsh discipline. To the devout Puritan punishment was love, this was evident in the ways they raised children, punished criminals, and how they lived. These policies played a major role in shaping American society for many years and in part made America what it is today. 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Systems Analysis and Design Free Essays

ACME Financial is a fast growing company that owes part of its growth to several recent acquisitions. ACME Financial now wants to consolidate the companies’ information technology resources to eliminate redundancy and share information among the new companies. The Chief Information Officer (CIO) has oversight responsibility for the project and has hired Client/Servers R Us to develop the architecture for the new corporate information system. We will write a custom essay sample on Systems Analysis and Design or any similar topic only for you Order Now Joe Consultant of C/S R Us presented 3 client/server designs to the CIO and is requesting the CIO to select one. The CIO is not sure which middleware design is best for the company’s goals. The CIO has asked Chris Consultant to present the advantages and disadvantages for each of the alternatives. Background ACME Financial Incorporated (AF Inc. ) is an investment banking company that provides an on-line service that allows their clients to access account and market information. ACME Financial Inc. recently acquired several small and medium sized companies throughout the country, each with their own financial and accounting systems. Almost all of the companies have developed their own application software for their analysts’ use in their daily jobs, but only a few provided on-line account service. The analytical tools rely on near-real time market data and historical market data. The CIO wants to consolidate the financial and accounting information into a corporate information system that can support decision support applications for corporate management. Naturally, since the computer hardware is different for different companies, the CIO expects to upgrade the hardware to accommodate the new Information Technology (IT) system. The CIO will select the best analytical software as the standard software used by all company analysts. Each local site will be expected to provide an on-line service for their customers. Customers will be given the necessary application software to access their account information. Finally, ACME Financial has developed special data mining software that gives them a competitive advantage. AF Inc. offers their customers investment advice based on the information derived by the data mining software. Each account manager receives the information and then provides tailored recommendations  to each customer based on their portfolio. System Requirements The following list of system requirements reflects the system’s priorities (listed roughly in order of priority): 1. Availability: The CIO’s number one priority is high availability. AF Inc. markets their reliability and feels that most clients choose them for their dependability. The CIO wants to maximize the system’s availability. To achieve high availability, if a regional office cannot provide support then a customer must always have access to the on-line service through a different office. 2. Data Integrity: The requirement for data integrity varies within the system. The most important data are customer’s transactions. It is essential that a customer’s transaction is never lost and the system must guarantee that each transaction is completed. In contrast, data lost from the high data rate inputs, such as Reuter’s and the NYSE, are easily recovered during the each broadcast so it is not critical if some data are lost during a broadcast. 3. Performance: Financial markets are highly volatile; time sensitivity of data is measured in minutes. Millions can be lost if information is delayed getting to the analysts. The system must be able to support information broadcast throughout the network. 4. Security: The CIO is concerned about the security of the data mining software and the information produced by the data mining software. The Chief Executive Officer thinks the data mining information software provides a competitive advantage for the company. If an unauthorized user had access to the information they could steal the data mining applications or steal the information produced by the data mining software. In either case, the perpetrator could make the same investment recommendations as AF Inc. account managers. Therefore, if competitors had access to the information the results could be financially devastating to the company. The CIO is concerned that a competitor could pose as a customer and hack into the highly sensitive information through his on-line service account. 5. Growth: The CIO envisions an incremental migration process to install the new system due to the magnitude of the change. Also, he expects that AF Inc. will continue to grow and acquire more companies. The CIO wants to be able to develop more application software as new customer services are added. The CIO also wants to add more near-real time information sources to  the system. 6. Backup and Recovery: The CIO understands that the system will encounter problems from time to time. A key factor in determining the system’s success is how quickly the system can recover from a failure. Backup and recovery must be smooth and non-disruptive. One way to ensure that the system can easily recover from a system crash is to make sure the data is duplicated elsewhere on the system. The corporate database is the primary back up for each of the regional offices. Configuration Each local office (Northeast, Northwest, Southeast, Southwest) has accesses a regional information hub. Local offices use client software to access the local application server. These application servers access the local databases for almost all of the information needed on a daily basis. For access to information needed less frequently the application software should access the central database at corporate headquarters. Each regional database has only the subset of information that is relevant for its area, whereas the corporate headquarters maintains all of the information from each region as well as data that is unique to corporate applications, such as additional accounting and company financial information. The corporate office is also responsible for the data mining software and information. Each of the regional databases is connected with high capacity links to the corporate database. Finally, the corporate office receives information from Reuter’s, NYSE, NASDAQ, and other financial markets. The information flow fluctuates daily from 30 – 40 KBps to 4 – 5 MBps. Twenty-five percent of the information is immediately broadcast to the regional offices to support the on-line account service. All the information is filtered and stored in the database. Architectural Alternatives Alternative I: The Database Management System This alternative takes advantage of the extended functionality provided by the popular relational database management companies, such as Oracle and Sybase. All information is delivered into the system where it is immediately stored into one of the databases. The relational database management software is responsible for the distribution of information throughout the system. Clients communicate with the databases through Standard Query Language (SQL). Corporate and regional databases are kept synchronized using features supplied by the RDBMS software. Transactions are guaranteed by using special Transaction Processing Software. The vendor-supplied RDBMS software is responsible for back-up and recovery of all the databases. Data security is handled at the row level within each database. This means that clients can only receive records for which their user has permission. Existing application software may have to be modified to use SQL. Alternative II: Common Object Request Broker Architecture (CORBA) This solution depends on CORBA to tie together the clients and databases. CORBA is responsible for distributing data across the system. The RDBMS software is still responsible for the back-up and recovery, but the databases are kept synchronized using CORBA as the primary transport mechanism for the data. Clients, application servers, and databases communicate to each other through CORBA’s transport mechanism. Existing application software would be wrapped in IDL to communicate with other applications. Special near-real time handling application software would send the information to each of the regional offices where it would be directed to clients that subscribe to the information. Alternative III: Message and Queuing (MQ) The message and queuing design uses commercial M Q software combined with a transaction processing product to ensure customer’s transactions are completed. Dec Message Queue and MQ Series are some of the leading products for messaging and queuing software. Clients communicate to other entities using messages. Messages are deposited in queues and the message and queuing middleware is responsible for message distribution to the appropriate clients. The software applications will be modified to send and receive messages from queues. Questions to Answer (Total 100 points) The case study must be discussed covering the designs and these questions with your teammates, but your final write-up should be your collaborative work. Doing research on specific products for the assignment should certainly be a team activity. The total length of the write-up should probably not exceed 5 pages. 1. Describe in more detail the architecture of each architectural alternative. To do this you will need to flesh out the specifics of the various parts. This will require some research on the  products indicated (or other comparable products that you locate). Note that some services are automatically provided when a particular product is purchased, while others must be developed to satisfy the system requirements. You should describe what services are automatically provided by the products, which services would need to be developed, and how services should be distributed across the network. (40 points) 2. Evaluate each of the alternatives against the system requirements, discussing the advantages and disadvantages of each. (You may assume that the hardware will support all solutions.) In your analysis you might consider issues such as which alternative gives the system developers the most flexibility, which alternative provides easiest maintenance, and which alternative requires the least modification to the current system. Other hints for system comparison are listed below. (40 points) 3. Prioritize each alternative or suggest a different solution if you think it superior to the presented alternatives. (20 points) Suggestions on how to proceed 1. There is not enough information to make an informed decision about each of the alternatives. As a team, allot a percentage of your time to discover which products offer what type of services. You do not have enough time to do a complete market survey so be selective. 2. If you depend only on marketing information you may find that the alternatives are equivalent. So you might want to go beyond the market literature in doing your research for this assignment. 3. As you do your analysis, pay particular attention to some of the following kinds of issues: a. How well does the architecture support the basic system functionality requirements? b. How much run time performance overhead does the architecture impose? c. How well will specific products handle the high volume of data? d. How will each architecture handle occasional peak loads? e. How easy is it to customize the system to new requirements? 4. In your analysis, when you are considering costs, you do not need to consider the actual product cost. (It may be impossible to get actual product costs anyway. ) Instead, evaluate cost with respect to the amount of customized software that will be necessary to implement each alternative, and how this might affect long-term maintenance costs, time to implement, flexibility, etc. How to cite Systems Analysis and Design, Papers

Project for the Design and Construction of a Bridge across the Murray River

Introduction Project Aim The aim of this project is to provide an alternate route from South Wales to Victoria for pedestrians, motor vehicle users, and cyclists through the Murray River.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Project for the Design and Construction of a Bridge across the Murray River specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Project Objective The principle objective of this project is to enhance travel to and from South Wales across the Murray River using the easiest and cheapest option. Project Background and Rationale XYZ Infrastructure Engineering Group Inc. has been awarded with a Design and Construct Contract from Federal Government of Australia to construct a multi-purpose bridge across the Murray River from and to South Wales. The bridge is to be named the â€Å"The Murray River Bypass†. The proposed new only multipurpose bridge across the Murray River will greatly reduce traffic from the exi sting Victoria Bridge. The bridge will greatly enhance efficiency of delivery of goods and services between the two cities. This proposed bridge will provide safe crossing for local commuters, encourage walking and cycling as an alternative option of transport. The project has been commissioned following extreme pressure from local residents, businesspeople, and politicians regarding too much time taken to make trade across the two towns. The distance between the two towns using the Victoria Bridge is twice as much as the â€Å"The Murray River Bypass† which will cut through the river almost at the mid level. Pundits reckon that business between the two towns will increase two folds and there is likely to be increased tourism. The latter is because of the scenic nature the new way will create interest from commuters. Hence, landowners along the new route will most likely come up with ways to shore up tourism attracting residents of the two towns. Bridge Specification and Desi gn Bridge Dimensions Central Span: 100 metresAdvertising Looking for assessment on project management? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Deck Spans: 50 metres Deck Widths: 8 metres Entrance/ Abutment Lengths: 15 metres either side Construction Materials/ Specification Component Description Drilled Bored Piers – 5 off 50 MPA cast in situ concrete, steel reinforcement Piers above 8 off 50 MPA cast in situ concrete, steel reinforcement Masts/ Towers 10 off 50 MPA pre-cast concrete towers, steel reinforcement Headstock 10 off 50 MPA cast in situ concrete, steel reinforcement Cables 200 mm Steel Conduits with internal steel cables, which comprise of steel rods/ wires within. Concrete panels/ decking 8 off pre-cast concrete panels 25 metres in length 300 mm thick with 60 MPA concrete, with steel reinforcement The bridge must have permanent metal decking with interlocking joints. Line-marking Yellow painted mark ing on concrete to distinguish between oncoming and outgoing motorists. The bridge must have white markings on either to mark bridge edges. Bridge Design How cable stayed bridges work A cable-stayed bridge consists of one or more pre-cast towers. The outgoing cables support the deck of the bridge. Just above the deck are inclined cables that provide intermediate support for the bridge. The cables are anchored into these pre-cast concrete towers located above the piers. All of the weight of the bridge goes to the top of the towers through the cables, which kills off tension. The weight is then transferred and supported by the ground through a combination of forces. Other bridge specifications deal with type of materials used in construction. The bridge functionality section defines the usage of certain materials that are part of the main elements selected and their purpose in the general design.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Project for the Design and Construction of a Bridge across the Murray River specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More SWOT Analysis Project Strengths The extensive experience of XYZ Infrastructure Engineering Group Inc in construction XYZ excellent relationship with potential partners in materials and expertise XYZ Previous engagements with the Australian Government (commissioner of the project) The project is independent and virgin in nature, hence no disruptions to anyone No interference with waterways Potential tourist attractions Project Weaknesses Possibility of negative environmental impact since some trees may be uprooted Noise, vibration and dust during construction Complaints from animal conservationists that will claim that the road in wild animals habitat Project Opportunities Boost economy through increased business operations and tourism attractions XYZ can improve on its already good reputation with Australian Government hence possibility for further business Provide alternative routes for motorists, pedestrians, and cyclists across Murray River Increase in value to the area due to increased amenities and appreciation because of accessibility Likely Improvement of the landscape of Murray River Project Threats Continued opposition from conservationists High inflation may increase cost of materials, labour, etc over the period of the project Economic Analysis Outline of costs/Budget The following are the main cost/budget areas and their respective amounts in Australian Dollars. The total cost of the project will be Australian Dollars $6,600,000 (Ahrens Chapman, 2007). The project that will take approximately 1.5 years will cost the following in specific areas: Preliminaries Site Sheds (Office, Lunch Room, Amenities and Storage) 500000 Site Manager/ Foreman 100000 Laborers 900000 Design Architectural, Structural, Civil and Services Engineers Fees 1000000 Construction Foundations 1500000 Substructure 600000 superstructure 1000000 Earthworks 1000000 Total $6,600,000.00 Economic Analysis Since the nature of this project does not make it possible to undertake an NPV analysis, the following parameters best capture the economic performance of the project (Manfredonia, Majewski Perryman, 2010). Aesthetic appeal/tourist attraction The new bridge will open up tourist attraction areas in the areas it will pass. Tourists will generate revenue for the locals as well as the government. Although conservationists rue the animals and environmental impact such as trees, the environmental impact assessment carried out by a task force selected by the government arrived at more positive results than negative results. Reduced costs for motorists/efficiency Motorists cost of fuelling and mileage will drastically reduce as the distance from South Wales and Victoria reduce significantly. This will have a positive impact on the economy, as these people’s disposable incomes will increase. Dispo sable incomes are a source of great purchasing power. Expensive materials The materials used for the construction of this bridge are unfortunately expensive. In this aspect, the bridge cost increases significantly. Concrete is way expensive than other materials such as steel metal which may be used to construct footbridges. Project Initiation, tender preparation, tender analysis and subcontractors Project Initiation The Australian government issued a contract to XYZ Infrastructure Engineering Group Inc after an intensive tendering process. The process involved background checks capability analyses and submission of estimates of various variables for the project. These include costs, schedule, and possible sub contractor partnerships (AGCA 2003). Tender Preparation The tender was prepared in accordance with Australia’s tendering rules. All conditions such open tendering process were met. Through competitive bids, the government engaged all the representatives of the companies and finally settled on XYZ Infrastructure Engineering Group Inc.Advertising Looking for assessment on project management? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Tender Analysis/ Evaluation and Subcontractor Selection Process For a tender to be valid, careful selection of subcontractors is vital. Through this process, all possible partnerships are duly indentified and vetted to ascertain their capability to enable the main contractor to complete the project on time. Additionally, peripherals terms such as possibility for extensions, budget increments, among others are discussed and agreed. Project Schedule and General Resource Requirements for Main Elements Project Schedule Project scheduling, estimating and cost controls are the main factors of a project management system. For companies engaged in future construction, the right forecast of the future project cost is very significant (AGCA 2003). The Murray River Project Plan, mentioned above, is the basis of the project scheduling and cost control. Once the prospective subcontractors have been informed of the deadline for completion of their subcontracts, they submit their bids. Those, whic h fit within the WIL project plan parameters of time cost and quality, are selected and given permission to proceed. This is carried out at the specification phase. However, this is an ongoing process, as a subcontractor may go over budget. This is the responsibility of the particular subcontractor involved, who will cover all extra costs. Scheduling often begins in a tentative manner, with more detailed schedules being developed as the process proceeds. This requires consistent communication between the project manager and project stakeholders, as they will need to be informed of scheduling changes or delays in implementation. It is due to the tentative nature of scheduling that cost control is also a dynamic process. The initial schedule and cost estimates need to be revised in the light of new information acquired during the project lifespan. This means that scheduling and cost control will fluctuate during the project, as the project manager adjusts to changing circumstances (Ha ezendonck, 2007). General Resource Requirements Excavator/ Pile Rigs 2 Excavators/ Piling Rig 8 off Operators 20 off labourers for preparation works Bore Piers with concrete Boom Pump 12 off Concreters for cage reinforcement and pouring Form, Reo and Pour column piers and headstock 12 off Carpenters for forming of column piers and headstock 12 off Concreters to install pier reinforcement Crane Headstock and Decking into place Mobile crane Operator + Dogman 10 off Labourers for preparation works Import fill material, and compact in 200 mm layers 2 Bobcats Compactors Operators for above 20 off Labourers for spreading and preparation works Form, Reo and Pour Entrance Path to Bridge Boom Pump 15 off carpenters/ concreters for forming Edge board and spreading and finishing concrete (Haezendonck, 2007). Risk Management Technical Risk Technical risks may be occasioned by: Errors occasioned by design and construction Poor planning is the main reson for the occurrence of previou s technical risk Quality assurance checklists are an important to curb technical risks (CEDD 2009) Control point Identification charts are also crucial tools. A project specific Control point Identification chart is outlined below. Project Implementation Control The project manager at Murray River project controls and coordinates the project through the managerial actions of planning, organizing, and leading, among others. Project managers’ actions are constantly aimed at change, while other managers’ jobs involve maintaining a stable working environment (UWSA 2005). Thus, the Murray River project manager has to be a team manager, by interacting with project members, from the General Manager, Construction Managers and Engineers to the builders, drillers and technicians at the site. As the Murray River project involves international expertise, the project manager has to build team ethos in a multicultural and multilingual group of project staff. Earning the respect of the team is crucial for the project manager; therefore, he/she must be a person of utmost honesty, integrity and vision (Gray Larson, 2008). The project manager shall control the project constraints to ensure that everything goes as planned. These constraints include time, quality, cost, and scope. The manager will do this by checking project specifications, schedule, and the budget allocations. The project manager will use the tools outlined previously for that purpose (Chase Aquilano, 2006). Some of them are discussed below (Control Point Identification Chart and Milestone Chart). Control Point Identification Chart The chart below will be useful for tracking areas that may go wrong and anticipating ways in which the project manager will solve the problems to avoid nasty surprises. Table 1 Control Point Identification Chart Control Parameter What is likely to go wrong? How and when to indentify The solution Quality There may be less qualified employees Personal inspection of every stage Substandard work to be redone Cost/Budget Cost of any sub-unit may exceed budget When sale deals are sealed Seek alternative partners, consider alternative materials’ input Time/Schedule Time to complete any sub unit may exceed schedule Monitoring progress along critical path of network diagram Improve efficiency, recoup time from other areas, consider overtime if within budget Milestone Charts This powerful implementation tool clearly summarizes the status of a project by highlighting key events. Milestone charts state what events in the project’s life have been completed. In addition, the chart states the duration it took to complete the events, and, whether this is the duration, the project manager had scheduled for the event (Chase Aquilano, 2006). Hence, the manager continually records the variance between the actual and scheduled times. In addition, it outlines the remaining events and the project manager’s anticipated completion time (CEDD 2009). Financial Risk The following cases may lead to financial risk: Understating the budget Multiple technical errors that make work to be repeated Underestimating the schedules, which leads to possibility for overheads To rectify and indemnify these financial risks on time the following technique may be used. Project and Budget Control Charts Project and budget control charts records cost, schedule performances to ascertain actual and planned performances of the project. Normally these are based on the nature of the work breakdown structure (Chase Aquilano, 2006). It makes use of the work packages. In this project, this may not be as applicable, but may be useful. The project manager will obtain cumulative amounts for the actual and scheduled performances and draw bar graphs for comparison. The above analysis may act as an early indicator as to whether the project manager will meet the parameters of the project (Reiss, 2007). Hence, it may be used as an effective tool to source for additional time or resources from management. If it is a strict-schedule project, this parameter may offer a way for the manager to organize for overtime and to crash the network diagram for a scheduled finish (Chase Aquilano, 2006). Environmental Risk and Controls The following may constitute the Environmental Risk and Controls: Noise – Plant and Equipment will be selected based on noise levels it emits, where possible. Ecology – Restrict clearing of trees as much as possible or re-use if possible. Ecology – Sediment controls to be fully installed at abutments to avoid soil contamination in waterways. Occupational Health and Safety While undertaking the project work some, risks associated with the site may occur (CEDD 2009). The following communication and a site management plan are the best techniques to cure this. Communications Matrix In order to keep the work going on smoothly, it is very crucial to maintain an organized workforce. The projec t manager is an expert in leadership qualities. He knows how to handle such a huge workforce. He addresses them sympathetically and asks for any problems that they might have. This behaviour of the project manager garners honour and respect for him. The workers come forward and express their problems and in turn, the project manager tries his level best to find solutions (Johnson, Whittington Scholes, 2011). Information Provider Recipient(s) Frequency Medium Location Status Report PM Project Directors Every 1.5 Months Presentation Government headquarters Report Engineer Project Manager 4 weeks Email Share point Budget Performance Accountant Project Manager 4 weeks Email Share Point Reference List AGCA 2003, Guidelines for a successful construction project, The Associated General Contractors of America/American Subcontractors Association, Inc. /Associated Specialty Contractors. Ahrens, T Chapman, C 2007, Management Accounting as Practice, Accounting, Organizations and S ociety, vol. 32 no. 1, pp 1-27. CEDD (Civil Engineering and Development Department) 2009, Enhanced use of Underground Space in Hong Kong, Feasibility Study (Executive Summary), Geotechnical Engineering Office, Civil Engineering and Development Department. Chase, B.R. Aquilano, N.J. 2006, Operations Management for Competitive Advantage, McGraw Irwin, New York. Gray, CF. Larson, EW 2008, Project management: The managerial process, McGraw–Hill Education, Singapore. Haezendonck, E 2007, Transport project evaluation, Edward Elgar Publishing, Northampton, USA. Johnson G, Whittington C Scholes, K 2011, Exploring Strategy Text Cases, FT Prentice Hall, New York. Manfredonia, B, Majewski, JP, Perryman, JJ 2010, Cost estimating, Reiss, G. 2007, Project Management Demystified, Routledge, New York, NY. UWSA 2005, Project Implementation Process Tools, This assessment on Project for the Design and Construction of a Bridge across the Murray River was written and submitted by user Rylee Sears to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.